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2022 Vol. 10, No. 4 Published: 2022-07-30 Review Article Forum        Forum 257 Historical evolution and clinical practice of terms related to language disorders of children ZHAO Jinzhu, LI Jinhui, WU Dandan, YAN Tian, TANG Lina, HE Tianyi, XIONG Tingting, HAO Yan DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2022.04.001 Language disorder is a common developmental disorder in childhood. In China, it has not yet reached a unified standard for the diagnosis of language disorder. It has become an obstacle to the identification and treatment of children’s language problems, which is not conducive to the clinical practice and treatment of children with language disorders in China. The unified concept of language problems is necessary for the early detection and diagnosis of children and the early adoption of effective speech and language assessment and diagnosis measures helps to improve children’s language, social communication, psychological mood, and academic achievement. This article reviews the historical evolution and clinical practice of terms related to children with language disorders. 2022 Vol. 10 (4): 257- [Abstract] ( 2400 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1030 KB)  ( 2146 )        Article 262 Visual analysis of research hotspots in cardiopulmonary exercise testing WANG Lixia, LI Xin, ZHOU Xuan, CHEN Nan, SONG Yuanyuan, ZHANG Zhen, DU Qing DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2022.04.002 Objective To analyze research status, hotspots and frontiers in the field of cardiopulmonary exercisetesting （CPET） based on CiteSpace. Methods With CiteSpace 5.7.R5 and Excel 2018 softwares, we used co-word analysis and multidimensional co-occurrence analysis to analyze the volume of articles, distribution of countries and institutions of articles, and disciplinary structure of the literature related to CPET before April 1 , 2021 , and performed cluster analysis and temporal evolution analysis of keywords. The cited literature was used as nodes for co-citation analysis and Burst analysis for mapping the knowledge. Results A total of 5 926 articles were screened in English and 615 articles in Chinese. The results showed that the overall trend of CPET literature in recent years was on the rise. The countries and institutions with the largest number of publications were mainly concentrated in developed regions, such as the United States （1 596）and Italy （706） . Most of the high-yield research institutions abroad were universities, while domestic researches were mainly in specialized hospitals. Researches in the field were based on engineering, integrating medical research and experimentation, heart and cardiovascular system, exercise science, pharmacology and other disciplines. Research hotspots focused on three major aspects: disease diagnosis application, stimulation of typical symptoms of exercise in disease populations, and evaluation of the effects of exercise training modalities. Conclusion Researches in the field of CPET tend to diversify, with the development of exercise prescriptions, assessment of physical function, and evaluation of rehabilitation efficacy being common research frontiers. 2022 Vol. 10 (4): 262- [Abstract] ( 2275 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (2334 KB)  ( 1745 ) 271 Depressive symptoms and influencing factors of amphetamine-type stimulants abusers WANG Shanshan, SU Hang, JIANG Haifeng, DU Jiang, XU Ding, ZHAO Min DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2022.04.003 Objective To investigate the depressive symptoms of amphetamine-type stimulants（ATS）abusers during withdrawal, and analyze their influencing factors. Methods Data of ATS abusers in Shanghai Compulsory Isolation Drug Rehabilitation Center were collected. The 13-item Beck depression inventory（BDI）（BDI-13）was used to evaluate the depressive symptoms of ATS abusers during the withdrawal period. A self-made questionnaire was used to investigate the demographic data and ATS abuse history. According to the BDI scores, ATS abusers were divided into no obvious depressive symptom group （BDI<8） and obvious depressive symptom group （BDI≥8）. Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors of depression and their gender differences. Results A total of 1 990 ATS abusers were collected. The average BDI score was 10.75±8.06; men had significantly higher BDI scores than women （11.04±8.25 vs 9.68±7.20, P=0.002）. There were 828 cases （41.6%）in the no obvious depressive symptom group, and 1 162 cases （58.4%）in the obvious depressive symptom group. Logistic regression analysis showed that male, divorce, ATS use frequency ≥3 times/week, forced abstinence times >1 time, and drinking history were the risk factors for ATS abusers to produce depressive symptoms during withdrawal period. The risk factors for depression in males were the education level with junior high school and below, ATS use frequency ≥3 times/week, forced abstinence times >1 time, and drinking history. No female depression was found to be related to the above factors. Conclusion Depression is more common in ATS abusers during withdrawal, and depressive symptoms are more severe in the males. Depressive symptoms may be related to factors such as education level, ATS use frequency, number of forced abstinence, and drinking history. 2022 Vol. 10 (4): 271- [Abstract] ( 2296 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (776 KB)  ( 1627 ) 276 Mediation model analysis of future time perception and learning burnout CHEN Youqing, SONG Enci, JIN Jieqiong DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2022.04.004 Objective To investigate the effect of future time perspective on learning burnout, and test the mediation of self-efficacy and mobile phone dependence. Methods The questionnaire was developed with reference to previous studies on learning burnout, future time perspective, mobile phone dependence, and self-efficacy. A survey was conducted on 2 382 college students from five universities in four provinces, and 1 791 valid questionnaires were collected and analyzed. Results Learning burnout was negatively correlated with future time perspective and self-efficacy（r=-0.29, P<0.01; r=-0.24, P<0.01）, but was positively correlated with mobil phone dependence（r=0.47, P<0.01）. The results of structural equation model analysis showed that self-efficacy and mobile phone dependence played a sequential intermediary role in the influence of future time perspective on college students’ learning burnout. Conclusion College students with low level of future time perspective will suffer from learning burnout due to the decrease of self-efficacy and the increase of mobile phone dependence. 2022 Vol. 10 (4): 276- [Abstract] ( 2414 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (882 KB)  ( 2872 ) 281 Investigation into cognition and behavior related to COVID-19 prevention and control among primary and middle school students QI Deyun, LI Liping, JIANG Yanwei, ZHOU Yuan, WANG Biyun DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2022.04.005 Objective To understand the current status of cognition and behavior for COVID-19 prevention and control among primary and middle school students, and provide reference for prevention and control of COVID-19 . Methods Using two-stage stratified cluster random sampling method, a questionnaire survey was conducted among 1 946 primary and middle school students from grade four to grade twelve in Hongkou District, Shanghai. Results The high awareness rate and the good behavior rate of COVID-19 prevention and control among primary and middle school students were 66.8 % and 45.3 %, respectively. The high awareness rate in pupils（81.0%）was significantly higher than thatin junior school students （60.7%）, senior high school students （69.6%）, and vocational school students （51.7 %, P<0.001）. The students whose fathers were with higher educational background had higher awareness rate of COVID-19 prevention and control. The rate of good behavior in boys （48.6%）was significantly higher than that in girls （41.7 %, P<0.001）. The rates of good behavior increased significantly with the increase of learning stage, pupils （30.5%）<junior school students（44.2%）< senior high school students （50.1%）< vocational school students （62.8 %, P<0.001）. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that students in junior high school, senior high school, and vocational high school were less likely to have higher COVID-19 awareness rates. Students whose fathers had a master’s degree or higher were more likely to have higher COVID-19 awareness rates. Girls and students whose mothers had a college degree or bachelor degree were less likely to have good behaviors for COVID-19 prevention and control. Compared with pupils, students in junior high school, senior high school, and vocational high school were more likely to have good behaviors in COVID-19 prevention and control （P<0.05）. Conclusion After the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic, the government and schools have achieved good results in the health education to students. The students in Hongkou District, Shanghai have got a good overall cognition of COVID-19 , but their protective behaviors need to be further improved. Targeted health education is needed for students, families, teachers and peers. 2022 Vol. 10 (4): 281- [Abstract] ( 2370 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (803 KB)  ( 1486 ) 287 Relationship between family function and social emotion of children: circumplex and linear models ZHANG Yao, WANG Ying, WANG Yuhan DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2022.00.006 Objective To explore the relationship between family function and social emotion of children by using circumplex and linear models, and provide suggestions for the adjustment of family relationships and intervention of children’s social emotional problems. Methods A total of 347 families with children aged 4 -5 years in Harbin were selected. Parent report questionnaires were used to measure their family function and children’s social emotion. The family function score was substituted into the circumplex model, and 3 family types （balanced, middle, and extreme）and 16 family function subtypes were obtained to test whether their relationship with children’s social emotions conformed to the model hypothesis. Results The family function types of the samples showed a skewed distribution. There was no significant difference between the middle and balanced family social emotional scores （P=0.34）. The family function subtypes inthe extreme group and the middle group were significantly different （P<0.05）. The family functions negatively predicted children’s social emotional scores. Conclusion The relationship between family function and social emotion does not conform to the circumplex model, and the two are linearly negatively correlated. The stronger the cohesion and adaptability are, the less social emotional problems children have. 2022 Vol. 10 (4): 287- [Abstract] ( 2442 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (905 KB)  ( 3511 ) 292 Analysis of condition and influencing factors of short stature in children aged 6 —12 in Zhuzhou area YAN Lijuan, GONG Dai, WEN Xianglan, TANG Qiong, ZOU Li, CHEN Jin DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2022.04.007 Objective To investigate the condition of short stature（SS）in children aged 6-12 in Zhuzhou area, and analyze the influencing factors of SS in children. Methods The stratified random sampling method was used to select children aged 6 -12 with student numbers of No. 2 and No. 8 from primary schools. The primary schools were selected 6 from each street of 5 street areas in 2 counties and 3 districts in Zhuzhou area. And 1 800 children should be selected but 1 756 children were investigated in practice. The height and weight of children were measured and recorded, and referred to relevant standards to evaluate the occurrence of SS. A questionnaire about children’s height was designed and their guardians filled it. The influencing factors that might lead to SS were found out by single-and multi-factor analysis. Results Of the 1 756 children, 74 children had SS, and the prevalence rate was 4.21%. After the preliminary comparison of baseline data of SS children and normal height children, the variables with statistical significance were included as independent variables. After single-factor analysis, a multivariate regression model was established and multi-factor analysis was conducted. The results showed that disharmonious family relationship, milk intake<200 mL/d, deficiency of vitamin D, sleep duration<10 h/d were all the influencing factors of SS in children aged 6-12 in Zhuzhou area （OR>1, P<0.05）. Conclusion Children aged 6-12 in Zhuzhou area have some risks of SS, which may be related to the factors such as disharmonious family relationship, insufficient milk intake, deficiency of vitamin D, and short sleep time per day. 2022 Vol. 10 (4): 292- [Abstract] ( 2206 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (831 KB)  ( 1601 ) 297 Investigation of college students’ attitude and behavior of self-directed learning in blended teaching mode YANG Kefeng, MAO Xuanxia, TANG Wenjing, JIA Jie, CAI Wei, SHEN Xiuhua DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2022.04.008 Objective To explore the effective ways to promote students’ self-directed learning in blended teaching, and provide ideas and reference for further improving of the quality of blended teaching. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted to investigate the attitude and behavior of medical college students towards self-directed learning in blended learning. The academic achievement of the students was compared and analyzed. Results Most students held a positive attitude towards self-directed learning and had good habits of self-directed learning behavior in the blended teaching course. The students were highly satisfied with all aspects of the blended teaching course and their performance in group discussion and coursework also improved significantly. Conclusion The online open learning resources, offline collaborative learning, and diversified learning evaluation in the blended teaching mode can fully stimulate students’ willingness to learn independently and improve the learning effect. 2022 Vol. 10 (4): 297- [Abstract] ( 2229 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (945 KB)  ( 1824 ) 301 Influence of mothers’ color-gender stereotype and counter-stereotype on pre-school children’s color-gender stereotype at both implicit and explicit levels JIA Wei, CHEN Yiwen DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2022.04.009 Objective To examine pre-school children’s explicit and implicit color-gender stereotypes and mothers’ influence on the transmission of such stereotypes. Methods We recruited 92 children （3-6 years old）and their mothers from two kindergartens in Beijing-Tianjin area. There were 81 effective participants, involving 42 boys and 39 girls. Animplicit association test （IAT）measured the association between six colors and gender. Color dressing test measured the explicit color-gender stereotypes of children. Mothers were given a Likert 5 item questionnaire assessing gender-based stereotypes and counter-stereotypes about color. Results Children’s implicit stereotypes and explicit stereotypes were significant. Color-gender stereotypes at implicit and explicit were positive correlation. No significant effect of gender and age emerged in implicit color-gender stereotypes, and the interaction between age and gender was not significant. There was significant effect of gender emerged in explicit color-gender stereotypes of children, and the girls expressed more color gender-stereotypes than boys at explicit levels. No significant effect of age emerged, and the interaction between age and gender was not significant. Mothers’ counter-stereotypes influenced children’s implicit stereotypes, and the stronger the mothers’ counter-stereotype, the weaker the children’s implicit color-gender stereotype. Mothers’ counter-stereotypes did not reveal any significant effect on the children’s explicit color-gender stereotype. Conclusion Our findings indicated that children （aged 3 to 6） have already developed gender stereotypes about color at both implicit and explicit levels. Mothers’ counter-stereotype predicts their children’s implicit color-gender stereotypes. Implicit stereotypes can influence behavior through non-verbal forms such as expressions and actions more than explicit stereotypes. The more exposure to counter-stereotypes in early childhood, the more helpful to reduce gender stereotypes about colors and weaken the negative impact of color-gender stereotypes on children’s ability development. 2022 Vol. 10 (4): 301- [Abstract] ( 2370 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (901 KB)  ( 2044 ) 308 Study of intellectual development level and family influencing factors of children with language delay ZHANG Na, CUI Xinhua DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2022.04.010 Objective To investigate the features of intellectual development and family influencing factors in children with language delay, provide clues to intervention training. Methods The developmental levels of gross and fine motor, adaptive behavior, language, and social abilities were evaluated in 432 children with language delay by Geselldevelopmental schedule. They were expressed by the developmental quotients （DQ）of motor ability, object ability, language ability, and person ability, respectively. The correlation between language, adaptive behavior and social abilities were analyzed, and family influencing factors were analyzed. Results All the 432 children had normal mean gross motor ability. Fine motor, object, language, and person abilities were all lower than those of normal children. The language ability was the lowest, which was significantly positively correlated with the object and person abilities （r=0. 549, P<0.001; r=0.724, P<0.001）. The family influencing factors included way of rearing, contact time with electronic products, parental relationship, and cultural level of mother. Conclusion Children with language delay may have abnormal object and person abilities. Targeted guidance and intervention should be implemented according to the assessment results of the overall development level, and the influence of adverse factors on children’s language ability should be reduced or avoided in the family environment. 2022 Vol. 10 (4): 308- [Abstract] ( 2324 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (871 KB)  ( 1969 ) 313 Intervention effect of paper and pen training group course on pre-schoolers with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ZHOU Meijun, WEI Rongmei, ZHAO Ting, ZUO Hailing DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2022.04.011 Objective To compare the intervention effects of group attention training and routine training on children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder （ADHD） , and provide new ideas and practical basis for attention training of ADHD children. Methods A total of 86 children （62 males and 24 females, aged 4 -6 years）were enrolled. They were randomly divided into experimental group and control group. The experimental group used the combination of routine training and group attention training, and the control group only used routine training. The attention and partial executive function of children in the two groups were evaluated with SNAP-Ⅳ scale and childhood executive functioning inventory（CHEXI）before and after treatment, and the improvement of children in the two groups were compared. Results Before intervention, there were no significant differences in SNAP-Ⅳ total scores, attention-deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity,CHEXI working memory, and inhibition scores between the two groups （ P>0.05）. After 3 months of intervention, each score decreased significantly in the experimental group and the control group （P<0.001）. Compared with decreases in the control group, there were more significant decreases in the experimental group. Conclusion Group attention training can effectively improve ADHD children’s attention and reduce hyperactivity and impulsivity. 2022 Vol. 10 (4): 313- [Abstract] ( 2294 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (750 KB)  ( 2099 ) 318 Ages and stages questionnaire in screening developmental levels of infants from 6 to 12 months and risk factors analysis CHEN Chengdi, LIN Yuanyuan, YAN Wenjie, ZHANG Yiwen DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2022.04.012 Objective To provide scientific basis for early detection and intervention of developmental delay by screening the developmental level of infants. Methods A total of 3 907 infants aged 6-12 months who underwent physical examination in Wellem Clinic from January 2019 to June 2020 were enrolled. The development level was screened by ages and stages questionnaire third edition （ASQ -3）, and the risk factors of abnormal screening were analyzed. Results The incidence of abnormal screening in at least one energy region was 22 %. Male gender and cesarean delivery were risk factors for abnormal screening in at least one energy zone （OR>1, P<0.05） . Male gender was a risk factor for communication, fine motor, problem solving, and personal-social abnormal screening（ OR>1, P<0.05） . Cesarean section was a risk factor forgross motor abnormal screening（ OR>1, P<0.05） . Twin or multiple births were risk factors for communication abnormalscreening （ OR>1, P<0.05） . Conclusion Avoiding cesarean section and twin multiple pregnancies due to social factors, and paying attention to early screening and early intervention of male infants are conducive to the improvement of infant development. 2022 Vol. 10 (4): 318- [Abstract] ( 2282 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (850 KB)  ( 2148 ) 323 Rehabilitation management of a child with Merosin-deficient congenital muscular dystrophy HUA Jing, RUI Hongxin, DOU Shujuan, ZHANG Guangbao, CHI Xia, TONG Meiling, ZHANG Min DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2022.04.013 Objective To report the clinical features and diagnosis of a case of Merosin-deficient congenital muscular dystrophy, and explore the rehabilitation management of this case. Methods A comprehensive analysis of the clinical characteristics and related assessment results of a child with Merosin-deficient congenital muscular dystrophy was carried out. A multidisciplinary team-based rehabilitation management plan was formulated, including physical therapy, occupational therapy, assistive devices and environmental modification, and breathing training. Clinical observations were conducted after comprehensive rehabilitation. Results After rehabilitation management, there were significant ameliorations in fine motor, adaptability, language, and personal-social skills. The progress of motor function was slow, and there were no obvious progressive dysfunctions and complications except for contractures. Conclusion Rehabilitation management formulated by multi-disciplinary team, as well as individual rehabilitation techniques can help delay the complications of children with Merosin-deficient congenital muscular dystrophy and improve the equality of daily life. 2022 Vol. 10 (4): 323- [Abstract] ( 2135 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1002 KB)  ( 1441 )        Review 328 Research progress of exergaming in improving brain executive function of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder JIA Wenxu, ZHANG Gong DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2022.04.014 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder （ADHD） is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood and adolescence. Its core defect is impaired executive function, which is often manifested as inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity in a variety of situations. Physical activity has positive effects on symptoms and executive function of ADHD. Compared with traditional treatments, physical activity has no side effects, relatively low cost and longer-term effects. Cognitive engagement, defined as the level to which the allocational resources and cognitive effort is needed to master difficult skills, is considered to be the key to improve executive function. Exergaming is a new type of interactive video game, which uses immersive virtual reality （VR）technology to realize the innovative combination of physical training and cognitive training. Moreover, the game program is usually self-adaptive and can provide personalized experience for users. In the future, it can be widely used in family, classroom and clinical treatment as an effective and promising alternative or complementary means of ADHD exercise intervention. 2022 Vol. 10 (4): 328- [Abstract] ( 2359 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (901 KB)  ( 4770 )

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