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2022 Vol. 10, No. 3 Published: 2022-05-30 Review Article Forum        Forum 169 Advances in vitamins’ levels in children with autism spectrum disorder WANG Min, WANG Jing, ZOU Zhuo, YIN Shuyue, LIU Yun DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2022.03.001 Autism spectrum disorder（ASD）is a broad group of neurodevelopmental disorders. In recent years, the prevalence of ASD has been continuously rising. ASD has become a public health problem of concern in China and even the world, bringing heavy burden to families and the society. The etiology of ASD has not been clear yet. Studies have shown that complex genetic background and environmental factors co-act to lead to the occurrence of ASD. Vitamins, as one of the important environmental factors, may be involved in the onset and development of ASD. 2022 Vol. 10 (3): 169- [Abstract] ( 1037 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1032 KB)  ( 950 )        Article 175 Relationship between digital media use and family function and parenting self-efficacy of school-aged children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder during stress event and home quarantine HE Shan, SHUAI Lan, ZHANG Jinsong, WANG Zhouye, QIU Meihui, XIA Weiping, CAO Xuan, LU Lu, HUA Ying DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2022.03.002 Objective To investigate the characteristics of family function and parenting self-efficacy of school-aged children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder（ADHD）who overused digital media during COVID-19 virus pandemic, and discuss the relationship among them to provide a basis for intervention in family under stress event. Methods A total of 194 ADHD children were selected and divided into overuse group and normal use group according to the self-rating questionnaire for adolescent problematic mobile phone use（SQAPMPU）and internet addiction test（IAT）.The parents in the two groups filled out family assessment device（FAD）, parenting sense of competence（PSOC）, patient health questionnaire 9 -item（PHQ-9）, and generalized anxiety disorder assessment 7-item（GAD-7）to assess family functioning of ADHD children, parenting satisfaction, efficacy, and their mental health. Results Communication and role factor in FADof the overuse group scored significantly higher than those in the normal group（P<0.05）, but parenting efficacy, parenting satisfaction,and total parenting sense of competence scored significantly lower than those in the normal group（P<0.05）. The PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores of ADHD children’s parents in the overuse group were significantly higher than those in the normal group（P<0.05）. FAD had a significant positive effect on internet addiction（P<0.05）, and PSOC had a significant negative effect on internet addiction andproblematic mobile phone use（P<0.05）. Conclusion Families of ADHD children who tend to overuse digital media have obvious problems in communication and role function. Parents of such ADHD children have low self-evaluation on their parenting ability and satisfaction, and the anxiety and depression levels of such parents are relatively higher. In addition, family function and parenting sense of competence can affect digital media use behavior of ADHD children. Under such stress event, the management of digital media use of ADHD children should be focused on improving family function and the sense of competence in parenting. 2022 Vol. 10 (3): 175- [Abstract] ( 1022 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (775 KB)  ( 936 ) 182 Analysis of spatiotemporal features in number cancellation test for 54 children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder CHEN Yuxin, WANG Hongan, LIU Fulin, YAO Mengmeng, ZHANG Lei, HONG Qin, CHI Xia, YU Dongchuan DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2022.03.003 Objective To analyze the spatiotemporal features in number cancellation test（NCT）for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder（ADHD）. Methods A total of 54 children diagnosed with ADHD were randomlyselected as the experimental group（ADHDgroup）, while 54 healthy children with matched gender and age were chosenas the control group（HCgroup）. First, we measured and obtained the spatiotemporal features（including attention index, cancellation accuracy, cancellation speed, visual search strategy, visual motor integration, and multi-cancellationindex）and traditional evaluation index（net score, NS）of children from the ADHD group and HC group during the NCT. Then, through the statistical analysis of group-difference and receiver operating characteristic curve（ROC curve）analyses, we tested whether these spatiotemporal features had better performance than traditional evaluation index. Results Comparedwith the NS, two indexes（attention index and multi-cancellationindex）had more significant group-difference （P<0.0001）, and obtained better performance in distinguishing ADHD children from healthy ones. In addition, the threeindexes（cancellation accuracy, attention index, and multi-cancellationindex）could distinguish the influence of gender on group-difference（P< 0.05）, but the NS could not（P>0.05）. Conclusion This paper proposed a rapid cognitive evaluationmethod（the whole test was completed within 2min）, which measured the spatiotemporal features in the NCT. Findings verified that thespatiotemporal features may obtain better performance than the traditional evaluation index（NS）, and would have the potential for early screening of children with ADHD. 2022 Vol. 10 (3): 182- [Abstract] ( 1053 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (926 KB)  ( 964 ) 188 Effect of father involvement on children's depression: mediating role of adolescent dispositional mindfulness and moderating role of gender LIU Mingjie, GUO Fei, CHEN Zhiyan DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2022.03.004 Objective To explore the association between father involvement and adolescent depression, and the roles of adolescent dispositional mindfulness and gender playing in it. Methods A total of 498 adolescents aged 11-14 years were recruited and completed adolescence revision of parental involvement behavior questionnaire, mindful attentionawareness scale（MAAS）, center for epidemiologic studies depression scale（CES-D）, and demographic questionnaire. Results Correlation analyses showed that both father involvement and adolescent dispositional mindfulness significantly negatively correlated with adolescent depression; father involvement significantly positively correlated with adolescent dispositional mindfulness. Mediation modeling indicated father involvement exerted indirect effects on adolescent depression through the mediating effect of adolescent dispositional mindfulness. The second stage of mediating effect of the adolescent dispositional mindfulness was moderated by gender. Specifically, the significant positive effect of adolescent dispositional mindfulness on depression was stronger among girls than boys. Conclusion Adolescent dispositional mindfulness and gender exert moderated mediating effect on the relationship between father involvement and adolescent depression. 2022 Vol. 10 (3): 188- [Abstract] ( 1049 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (842 KB)  ( 1164 ) 195 Eye movement study on face fixation preference of children aged from 10 months to 6 years ZHOU Shuqing, LIU Fulin, HOU Li, ZHANG Xin, WEI Ning, HONG Qin, CHI Xia, YU Dongchuan, TONG Meiling DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2022.03.005 Objective To explore the eye movement characteristics and rules of typically developing children’s face fixation preference, so as to provide effective reference for early clinical identification of children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Methods A total of 540 normal children aged from 10 months to 6 years were collected by convenient sampling and stratified random sampling, who were divided into 9 groups according to their age. The eye movement paradigm of face fixation preference was established. The eye movement data of children were captured by Tobii Eye Tracking. The target area fixation rate and the first fixation area were analyzed. Results In the multiple face fixation paradigm, the fixation rate of female face in children under 2.5 years old was significantly higher than that in child and male faces. The fixation rate of child face in children over 4 years old was significantly higher than that in female and male faces. From the age fixation trajectory of female, child, and male faces, the intersection of female and child face fixation rate appeared between 2.5 and 3 years old, while the male face fixation rate was always lower than that of female and child faces. In the single face fixation paradigm, when looking at female and child faces in all age groups, the first fixation area was the eye area, while the first fixation area of male faces was the mouth area. The eye area fixation rate of female, child, and male faces in all age groups was significantly higher than that in other regions, and there were significant differences. The first fixation of female, child, and male faces in different age groups showed a stable trend, with eye area>mouth area>frontal region>nasal region in female and child faces, while mouth area>eye area>frontal region>nasal region in male face. Conclusion Children of different ages show fixation preferences for different faces and target regions, and show some characteristics and rules of age, which can provide a reference basis for early identification of children with neurodevelopmental disorders. 2022 Vol. 10 (3): 195- [Abstract] ( 1005 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (915 KB)  ( 902 ) 201 Effects of fear of missing out on freshmen’s mobile phone depen-dence: mediating role of loneliness and resilience YIN Zijun, MENG Fan, XUAN Bin DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2022.03.006 Objective To explore the relations among fear of missing out, loneliness, resilience, and mobile phone dependence of freshmen. Methods A total of 998 freshmen were investigated with fear of missing out scale, UCLA（University of California, Los Angeles）loneliness scale, resilience scale for Chinese adolescents, and mobile phone addiction index. Results Fear of missing out was positively correlated with loneliness and mobile phone dependence, but negatively correlated with resilience. Loneliness was positively correlated with mobile phone dependence, but negatively correlated with resilience. Resilience was negatively correlated with mobile phone dependence. Mobile phone dependence was predicted directly and positively by fear of missing out and loneliness, but predicted negatively by resilience. Loneliness was predicted directly and positively by fear of missing out. Loneliness and resilience partially mediated the relationship between fear of missing out and mobile phone dependence. Conclusion The relationship between fear of missing out and freshmen’s mobile phone dependence is influenced by the independent mediating role of loneliness, and the co-mediating role of loneliness and resilience. 2022 Vol. 10 (3): 201- [Abstract] ( 1064 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (879 KB)  ( 1075 ) 206 Relationship between achievement motivation and professional identity of students majoring in applied psychology in medical colleges: chain-mediated effect of self-esteem and psychological capital WANG Weizhou, XIE Qi, ZHANG Lulu, HU Shuang DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2022.03.007 Objective To explore the internal mechanism of the effect of achievement motivation, self-esteem, and psychological capital on professional identity of students majoring in applied psychology in medical colleges. Methods Achievement motivation scale, self-esteem scale, positive psychological capital scale, and professional identity scale were used to investigate 390 undergraduates majoring in applied psychology in medical colleges. The PROCESS macro program was used to test the mediation effect. Results The level of professional identity of students majoring in applied psychologyin medical colleges was in the middle, and there were significant differences among different grades（P<0.05）. There were significant correlations among achievement motivation, self-esteem, psychological capital, and professional identity（P<0.01）. Achievement motivation could positively predict professional identity. Self-esteem and psychological capital had significant mediating effects on achievement motivation and professional identity. Moreover, the chain-mediated effect of self-esteem and psychological capital was significant. Conclusion Achievement motivation affects the level of professional identity of students majoring in applied psychology in medical colleges through self-esteem, psychological capital, and self-esteem and psychological capital chain. 2022 Vol. 10 (3): 206- [Abstract] ( 1024 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (783 KB)  ( 1029 ) 212 Effects of pupils’ reading ability on academic emotions: mediating role of academic self-efficacy JIA Jieying, HOU Jinqin, HE Xiaohe, Lü Meijuan, WENG Lijuan, CHEN Zhiyan DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2022.03.008 Objective To explore the relationships among reading ability, academic self-efficacy, and academic emotions in primary school students. Methods A total of 343 pupils in grade three to five were measured for 3 months by using primary scholar Chinese reading ability scale, children academic emotions questionnaire, and academic self-efficacy scale. Results Reading ability significantly predicted two dimensions of academic emotions（positive-high arousal emotions and negative-low arousal emotions）. Academic self-efficacy played a part mediating role in the relationship between reading ability and negative-low arousal emotions. Academic self-efficacy could influence positive-high arousal emotions via academic self-efficacy across time point（T1 to T2）. Conclusion Reading ability influenced academic emotions through academic self-efficacy. 2022 Vol. 10 (3): 212- [Abstract] ( 1050 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (755 KB)  ( 769 ) 218 Maternal negative emotions and problem behavior of children with intellectual disabilities: one-year-long longitudinal study SUN Shengtao, RUAN Huixin DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2022.03.009 Objective To explore the predictive effect of maternal negative emotions on problem behavior of children with intellectual disabilities. Methods In this study, 293 children with intellectual disabilities from 4 special schools were followed by questionnaire survey for one year. The cross-lag design was used to investigate the relationship between maternal negative emotions and problem behavior of the children. Results There were significantly positive correlations between maternal negative emotions and mother evaluating dimensions of problem behavior of children with intellectual disabilities. The problem behavior of children with intellectual disabilities had some degree of stability over the course of one year. The correlations between maternal negative emotions and teacher evaluating dimensions of problem behavior of children with intellectual disabilities were less significant than those of mothers. Conclusion Maternal negative emotions can predict emotional symptoms and peer interaction problems of children with intellectual disabilities. 2022 Vol. 10 (3): 218- [Abstract] ( 1011 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (797 KB)  ( 703 ) 224 Effects of pupils’ internalizing problems on academic performance: analysis of chain-mediated effect Lü Meijuan, HOU Jinqin, HE Xiaohe, WENG Lijuan, JIA Jieying, CHEN Zhiyan DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2022.03.010 Objective To explore the chain-mediated effect of academic self-efficacy and homework effort between pupils’ internalizing problems and academic performance. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted on 750 pupils in grade 3 to 5 using the generalized anxiety disorder scale, center for epidemiologic studies depression scale, academic self-efficacy scale, and homework effort questionnaire. Results Pupils’ internalizing problems were significantly negatively correlated with academic self-efficacy, homework effort, and academic performance. Academic self-efficacy, homework effort, and academic performance were all significantly positively correlated. Academic self-efficacy and homework effort were mediating variables between internalizing problems and academic performance. The internalizing problems could affect academic performance with the effect of homework effort on academic self-efficacy, which meant that academic self-efficacy and homework effort could lead to a chain-mediated effect. Conclusion Pupils’ internalizing problems could exert effect on academic performance through the chain-mediated effect of academic self-efficacy and homework effort. 2022 Vol. 10 (3): 224- [Abstract] ( 1023 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (847 KB)  ( 842 ) 229 Effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with rehabilitation therapy on behavior of children with autism HUANG Yating, LI Mei, FENG Jun DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2022.03.011 Objective To discuss the effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with rehabilitation therapy on the behavior of children with autism. Methods A total of 120 children with autism wererandomly divided into the repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with rehabilitation therapy group（magnetic rehabilitation group, n=60）and normal rehabilitation group（control group, n=60）. The therapeutic effect [autism treatmentevaluation checklist（ATEC）], autistic degree [childhood autism rating scale（CARS）], developmental quotient（DQ）, andbehavior state [autism behavior checklist（ABC）] were compared between the two groups. Results The effective rate inthe magnetic rehabilitation group was significantly higher than that of the control group（P<0.05）. The scores of CARS and ABC at 6 and 12 weeks after treatment in the two groups were significantly lower and DQs were significantly higherthan those before treatment（P<0.05）. The scores of CARS and ABC at 6 and 12 weeks after treatment in the magneticrehabilitation group were significantly lower and DQs were significantly higher than those in the control group（P<0.05）. Conclusion The repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with rehabilitation therapy can improve the therapeutic effect of children with autism, and improve the degree of autism, DQ, and behavior of children, which is worth further clinical promotion. 2022 Vol. 10 (3): 229- [Abstract] ( 1015 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (795 KB)  ( 737 ) 233 Association of waist-to-hip ratio with assisted reproductive technology outcomes in patients with tubal infertility with normal body mass index SU Qiufeng, ZHENG Yanwei, SHAO Hongfang, XING Changying, ZHANG Li, TAO Minfang DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2022.03.012 Objective To investigate the effects of waist-to-hip ratio（WHR）on the outcomes of assistedreproductive technology（ART）in patients with tubal infertility with normal body mass index（BMI）. Methods Patients with tubal infertility with normal BMI were enrolled. According to the WHR, the patients were divided into normal group（WHR<0.85）and central obesity group（WHR≥0.85）. The differences of pregnancy rate and delivery rate between the two groups were compared. Results The data of 146 patients were collected, with 60 in the normal group and 86 in the central obesity group. There were no significant differences in age, years of infertility, basal hormone levels, and infertilitytypes between the two groups（P>0.05）. The clinical pregnancy rate and delivery rate were 78.3 % and 55.0 % in the normal group, and 59.3% and 33.7% in the central obesity group, respectively. The pregnancy rate and delivery rate ofcentral obesity patients were significantly lower than those in the normal group（P<0.05）. Conclusion The WHR of patients with tubal infertility with normal BMI is correlated with the pregnancy outcomes of ART. 2022 Vol. 10 (3): 233- [Abstract] ( 924 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (822 KB)  ( 629 ) 237 Reflection and suggestions on humanistic care in pediatric emergency medicine under normalization of COVID-19 pandemic prevention and control SUN Jiaojun, CHEN Yi, XUE Haihong, SUN Kun DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2022.03.013 The normalization of novel coronavirus pneumonia（COVID-19）pandemic prevention and control has brought new challenges to the communication between doctors and patients in pediatric emergency medicine, which has led to in-depth thinking on the humanistic care of pediatric emergency medicine. We analyzed the characteristics of pediatric diseases and the whereabouts of pediatric emergency triage diseases, sorted out the physical and mental characteristics of children and their parents, and conducted in-depth thinking on the communication between pediatric emergency doctors and patients. Under the major public health emergency of COVID-19 , in the face of children who are in urgent need of treatment and anxious parents, according to the requirements of prevention and control, doctor-patient communication should be conducted in the pediatric green channel, in pediatric emergency department, and before the hospitalization. With emphasis, according to the psychological characteristics and conditions of children of different ages, medical humanistic care is carried out, and psychological support treatment is provided to the parents of children. Medical institutions should pay attention to the mental health of front-line medical staff during public health emergencies. Under the background of normalized COVID-19 pandemic prevention and control, strengthening psychological support for children and their parents in pediatric emergency department, carrying out effective doctor-patient communication, and attaching importance to the cultivation of their own medical humanistic quality are important guarantees for pediatric emergency medical work. 2022 Vol. 10 (3): 237- [Abstract] ( 1042 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (747 KB)  ( 925 )        Review 242 Advances in immunopathogenesis of tic disorder YOU Haizhen, SUN Kexing, ZHOU Yifang DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2022.03.014 Tic disorder is a common neurodevelopmental disease in children and adolescents. The main clinical manifestations are motor tics and/or vocal tics. Some patients have symptoms that persist into adulthood. At present, while the pathogenesis of tic disorder remains largely unknown, growing evidence suggests that genetics, environment, hormone levels, and particularly deregulated immunity are implicated in tic disorders. This review briefly summarizes the latest advances in the pathogenesis and clinical treatment of tic disorder, which would help to deeply understand the close relationship between immune disorder and tic disorder pathogenesis, and provide new perspectives and novel strategies for tic disorder treatment. 2022 Vol. 10 (3): 242- [Abstract] ( 1001 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (844 KB)  ( 803 )

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