Home  |  About Journal  |  Editorial Board  |  Instruction  |  Subscribe  |  Advertisement  |  Messages Board  |  Contact Us  |  中文

Office Online     Journal Online     Forthcoming Articles     Current Issue     In Press     Archive     Advanced Search     Read Articles     Download Articles     Email Alert

2021 Vol. 9, No. 2 Published: 2021-03-30 Review Article Forum        Forum 79 Advances in repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for children and adolescents with depression LAI Qingjuan, CAO Qingjiu DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2021.02.001 The lifetime prevalence of depression in children and adolescents has increased year by year. Depression not only causes suffering in patients, but also increases the burden on families and society. Contemporary treatment approaches for children and adolescents with depression are psychotherapy and antidepressant treatment. However, the effectiveness of these methods is usually unsatisfied. Even worse, there is the possibility that antidepressants could increase the suicide risk. Therefore, it is necessary to develop other effective treatment approaches, including physical therapy methods. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive treatment that has achieved promised effects on the treatment of adult depression. And it has been approved by the American Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat adults (22 years of age or older) who have failed to improve with prior antidepressant treatment. But the use of rTMS in the treatment for children with depression is limited，and there is not enough experience accumulated in this field. This article reviews the recent studies on the use of rTMS in the treatment of depression in children and adolescents, with an objective for seeking evidence for this treatment in children and adolescents with depression. 2021 Vol. 9 (2): 79- [Abstract] ( 3341 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (921 KB)  ( 2251 )        Article 84 Development of primary school students' orthographic knowledge awareness scale:  a preliminary examination of reliability and validity LIU Liying, XIE Yachun, XU Qu, LIU Panting, YAO Mengmeng, ZHANG Lei, HONG Qin, TONG Meiling, CHI Xia DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2021.02.002 Objective　To develop the orthographic knowledge awareness scale of primary school students, and  test its reliability and validity. The scale can be used as an assessment tool for the early identification of specific learning disorder children. Methods　The scale framework was determined on the basis of the literature review, the expert interview, and the characteristics of Chinese character reading and writing education for primary school students in China. Then items were developed and amended to form the initial scale. And 280 students were selected as subjects to complete the scale pre-experiments.  The reliability and validity of scale were tested. Results　The scale consisted of strokes awareness test, radicals awareness test, and left-right reversal test. Also the scale was divided into three levels: grades 1−2, grades 3−4, and grades 5−6. The Cronbach α coefficients of each level were 0.972, 0.951, and 0.916, and the split-half reliability coefficients of each level were 0.876, 0.835, and 0.820, respectively. The test-retest reliability coefficients were 0.867, 0.891, and 0.887 in each levels. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) showed that Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) values of each level were 0.871, 0.848, and 0.843. EFA extracted 3 factors, whose cumulative contribution of variance accounted for more than 70%. The correlation coefficients of criterion validity of each level were 0.884, 0.894, and 0.917. Conclusion　The orthographic knowledge awareness scale of primary school students has good reliability and validity, and the structure of the scale is reasonable. All the indexes meet the requirements of psychometrics. The scale can be used as a tool for evaluating the orthographic knowledge awareness of specific learning disorder children and for early identification of specific learning disorder with impairment in reading and written expression. 2021 Vol. 9 (2): 84- [Abstract] ( 2933 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (743 KB)  ( 1958 ) 89 Mobile-phone addiction and cognitive failure in adolescents: role of mindfulness attention awareness and attention control MAO Huili, PENG Yu, ZHANG Bin, HU Rongting, ZHANG Anqi, XIONG Sicheng DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2021.02.003 Objective　To explore the relations among mobile-phone addiction, mindfulness attention awareness, attention control and cognitive failure in adolescents. Methods　A total of 850 adolescents were selected to complete  smartphone addiction scale, short version (SAS-SV), mindful attention awareness scale (MAAS), attentional control scale (ACS), and cognitive failures questionnaire (CFQ). SPSS 20.0 and AMOS 22.0 were used for correlation analysis, mediation effect test, and cross-group comparison of gender. Results　Mobile phone addiction was significantly positively correlated with cognitive failure, while significantly negatively correlated with mindfulness attention awareness and attention control. Mindfulness attention awareness and attention control were significantly negatively correlated with cognitive failure. Mobile-phone addiction could directly affect cognitive failure, as well as indirectly affect cognitive failure through mindfulness awareness and attention control, and the mediation between them was significant. By comparing the mediating effects, results showed that there was no significant difference between them. Cross-group comparison of the models showed that boys were significantly higher than girls in the two paths: mobile-phone addiction tendency to mindfulness awareness and attention control to cognitive failure. And gender played a moderating role in these two paths. Conclusion　Mindfulness awareness and attention control partly mediate mobile-phone addiction and cognitive failure. Gender moderates mobile-phone addiction to mindfulness awareness, and moderateds attention control to cognitive failure, respectively. 2021 Vol. 9 (2): 89- [Abstract] ( 3286 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1003 KB)  ( 2924 ) 96 Correlations among screen time, outdoor activity time, and physical health of preschoolers LI Minyi, CUI Yufang, WANG Shiqi, TIAN Zitong, PENG Yinggang DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095－4301.2021.02.004 Objective　To investigate the correlations among screen time, outdoor activity time, and the physical health of preschoolers, so as to provide suggestions for formulating interventions to prevent myopia and obesity of children. Methods　A cross-sectional study was carried out in Shenzhen city. A representative sample of 5 226 preschoolers and their caregivers were recruited by a proportional stratified cluster sampling. Data were collected by the Chinese early human capability index (CHeHCI), children's media use in daily family life questionnaire, and body mass index (BMI). Linear regression and binary Logistic regression models were used to analyze the effects of screen time and outdoor activity time on physical health of preschoolers. Results　Preschoolers spent(110.30±90.67) min/d on screen and(61.11±41.16) min/d on outdoor activity. And 5.47% of preschoolers were overweight. Screen time negatively predicted preschoolers' physical health, while outdoor activity time positively predicted preschoolers' physical health of CHeHCI. There was no significant association between outdoor activity time and overweight of preschoolers. Conclusion　This study suggests parents might need to reduce preschoolers' screen time and increase outdoor activity time to promote the physical health development of preschoolers. 2021 Vol. 9 (2): 96- [Abstract] ( 3345 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (778 KB)  ( 2918 ) 102 Associations among preschoolers' screen time, paper reading time, and emergent literacy skills during transition from preschool to primary school LI Minyi, ZHANG Yi, WANG Shiqi, QIN Siyu DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2021.02.005 Objective　To explore the associations among screen time, paper reading time, and preschoolers' emergent literacy skills during the transition from preschool to primary school, and  provide a basis for promoting emergent literacy development based on multimedia. Methods　A cross-sectional study was implemented in June 2018, in Shenzhen city. A representative sample of 1 806 preschoolers in the senior year and their caregivers were recruited from 55 kindergartens by a proportional stratified cluster sampling. Data were collected by caregiver-reported questionnaires, including the Chinese early human capability index (CHeHCI) and children's media use in daily family life. Multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the effects of screen time, educational screen time, and paper reading time on children's emergent literacy skills.  Results　A total of 1 750 valid questionnaires were collected, with a recovery rate of 96.90%. Average screen time [(115.45±91.32)min/d] of these 1 750 children was longer than paper reading time [(31.24±26.40)min/d], and educational screen time [(55.28±60.35) min/d] accounted for nearly half of the screen time. Screen time negatively predicted preschoolers' emergent literacy, while educational screen time and paper reading time positively predicted preschoolers' emergent literacy skills. Conclusion　Appropriate use of screen media for educational activities or paper reading might have a positive effect on children's emergent literacy skills. 2021 Vol. 9 (2): 102- [Abstract] ( 2972 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (797 KB)  ( 2466 ) 109 Analysis of whole blood element level in  children with autism spectrum disorder and construction of nomogram ZHANG Yushan, YU Mengxue, Asimuguli KELIMU DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2021.02.006 Objective　To analyze the relationship between the whole blood elements levels and the risk of autism spectrum disorder(ASD) occurrence in autistic children, and  establish and verify an individualized nomogram to predict the risk of ASD in children. Methods　The data of 226 children volunteers, including 113 ASD children and 113 healthy children, recruited in outpatient clinic of a Grade Ⅲ Level A hospital  in Urumqi in 2018, were retrospectively analyzed. All 226 children were randomly divided by R software into development group (n＝182) and  verification group (n＝44). Univariate Logistic regression and multivariate Logistic regression analysis were used to screen independent risk factors of ASD. The corresponding nomogram prediction model was drawn according to the regression coefficient. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to estimate the distinction and the calibration degree. Results　Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that sex and blood copper, zinc, and magnesium levels were independent risk factors for ASD children. Area under the ROC curve of the development group and the verification group were 0.782 and 0.740，which indicated that the new prediction model had good discriminant ability. The correction results of the prediction model were evaluated  by Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test. The P values of the two sets of calibration tests were 0.867 and 0.816. The prediction probability of the model was consistent with the actual probability, which indicated that the prediction model had strong consistency. Conclusion　Individual predictive models of ASD children are helpful for screening and early identification of children with high risk of ASD. 2021 Vol. 9 (2): 109- [Abstract] ( 3028 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1584 KB)  ( 1982 ) 114 Analysis of postsurgical quality of life in children with functional single ventricle by using  pediatric quality of life inventory WANG Tingting, YE Xiuxia, CHEN Weimin, HE Yongrui, QIN Rong, ZHOU Zhenfa, HONG Haifa DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2021.02.007 Objective　To assess postsurgical quality of life (QoL) in children with functional single ventricle (FSV). Methods　In this cross-sectional study, the Chinese version of the pediatric quality of life inventory (PedsQL) 4.0 generic core scale was used to assess postsurgical QoL of 77 children with FSV (aged 5-12 years) and their parents. Data of 1 583 health children were collected as control. The PedsQL scores completed by children with FSV and their parents were compared with healthy controls. Pearson correlation and intra-class correlation coefficient were calculated to analyze the correlation and agreement between the child self-report and parent proxy-report for children with FSV (aged 5-7 years and aged 8-12 years). Results　The PedsQL scores of children with FSV were significantly lower than those of healthy controls in child self-report and parent proxy-report (P＜0.05). For patients aged 5－7 years, the agreement between child self-report and parent proxy-report was great and the relationship between them was a strong correlation in total score, emotional functioning, social functioning, and school functioning. However, poor agreement and correlation between child self-report and parent proxy-report were found in all domains for FSV children aged 8－12 years. Conclusion　Children with FSV have significantly lower postsurgical QoL than healthy controls and interventions targeting both physical and psychosocial domains are needed. When patients cannot complete child self-report and parent proxy-report is adopted, doctors should consider the effect of age on the agreement between them. 2021 Vol. 9 (2): 114- [Abstract] ( 2960 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (754 KB)  ( 1714 ) 119 Correlation between nocturnal enuresis and repeated upper respiratory tract infection in children ZHENG Xiangyu, LI Shenghui, MA Jun DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2021.02.008 Objective　To investigate the relationship between nocturnal enuresis and repeated upper respiratory tract infection in children, and  provide empirical evidence for further understanding of enuresis in children. Methods　The samples were collected from the national sleep survey of school-age children from November to December in 2005. A total of 23 791 children from nine cities were investigated, and 21 980 children were enrolled in this study. The general condition and sleep condition of children were investigated by using questionnaires, which included personal status and family environment of school-age children and sleep habits of children. A multivariate Logistic regression model was constructed to investigate the relationship between nocturnal enuresis and recurrent upper respiratory tract infection in children. Results　The incidence of recurrent upper respiratory tract infection in children was 17.1%. The univariate analysis results of repeated upper respiratory tract infection and related factors were enuresis, age, family per capita monthly income <800 yuan or 800～1 500 yuan, food and drug allergy, and learning difficulties. These factors might be risk factors for recurrent upper respiratory tract infection. After controlling for confounding variables, the results of multivariate analysis showed that nocturnal enuresis might be risk factors for recurrent upper respiratory tract infection (OR＝1.365, 95% CI　1.170－1.592, P<0.01). The effect of nocturnal enuresis (OR＝1.551, 95% CI　1.223－1.966, P<0.01) on the occurrence of recurrent upper respiratory tract infection was greater in girls than that in boys (OR＝1.228, 95% CI　1.001－1.505, P<0.05). Conclusion　The incidence of enuresis in children increased the risk of recurrent upper respiratory tract infections, and this increase was more pronounced in girls. It is suggested that timely treatment of enuresis in children has certain clinical significance in preventing and treating repeated upper respiratory tract infection. 2021 Vol. 9 (2): 119- [Abstract] ( 2999 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (801 KB)  ( 1881 ) 124 Evaluation and intervention effect of 0−3 years old infant growth and development monitoring and evaluation system on growth of small for gestational age infants WANG Chengxiao, XIA Youjia, LIU Ying, WU Qinfang, CHEN Yu DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2021.02.009 Objective　To monitor growth data of small for gestational age infant (SGA) by 0－3 years old infant growth and development monitoring and evaluation system, and  provide parenting guidance for parents based on monitoring results. Methods　A total of 103 SGAs, from Jiangwan Hospital and Maternal and Child Health Center of Hongkou District, were recruited according to the inclusion criteria from October 2018 to December 2019. Pediatricians assessed growth data of SGAs, provided parenting guidance, and analyzed growth and development data of 6- and 18month post-monitoring. Results Through 18-month-long monitoring, evaluation, and intervention, the gross motor, fine motor, cognition, language and growth development of SGAs improved significantly (P<0.01). Conclusion　SGAs online monitoring by 0－3 years old infant growth and development monitoring and evaluation system can effectively assess the growth and development status of low-birth-weight infants, which is conducive to pediatricians to provide timely parenting guidance and promote low-weight infants' healthy grow-up. 2021 Vol. 9 (2): 124- [Abstract] ( 2871 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (747 KB)  ( 1866 ) 129 Effects of visual music intervention combined with sequential therapy on adaptive behavior and intelligence development in children with mental retardation GONG Dai, YAN Lijuan DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2021.02.010 Objective　To investigate the effects of visual music intervention combined with sequential therapy on the adaptive behavior and intelligence development of children with mental retardation (MR). Methods　A total of 94 children with MR in Zhuzhou Central Hospital from February 2017 to April 2019 were enrolled. The patients were divided into  control group and  observation group according to the order of admission. They were given conventional rehabilitation intervention(n＝47) and visual music intervention combined with sequential therapy(n＝47) for 6 months, respectively. Comparisons were made among the rehabilitation effects of the two groups and the pre-intervention and 6 months post-intervention children sensory integration rating scale (CSIRS) scores, the developmental quotient (DQ) and developmental age (DA) of the five energy regions in the Gesell developmental schedule, and American Association on Mental Deficiency adaptive behavior scale (AAMD-ABS) scores. The satisfaction of family intervention was compared between the two groups by PZB service quality scale(SERVQUAL). Results　The total effective rate of the observation group (78.72%) was significantly higher than that of the control group (55.32%, P＝0.009). The vestibular imbalance, tactile dysfunction, and proprioception dysfunction were significantly higher in the observation group than those in the control group after 6 months of intervention (P<0.05). After intervention for 6 months, the DQ and DA scores of the observation group  were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). The scores of independent functional factors, cognitive function factors and social/self-made factors in the observation group were significantly higher  than those of the control group (P<0.001) after intervention for 6 months. In SERVQUAL results, the scores of reliability, empathy, tangibility, reactivity and assurance of the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group (all P<0.001). Conclusion　The visual music intervention combined with the sequential therapy  is effective to children with MR. It can effectively enhance the ability of sensory integration, promote intellectual development, improve the ability to adapt to behavior, and improve the satisfaction of family intervention. 2021 Vol. 9 (2): 129- [Abstract] ( 2906 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (777 KB)  ( 2091 ) 135 Investigation on returning to society after children's solid tumor surgery ZHU Hui, ZHU Mengdie, CHEN Kai, MA Kaixuan, HAN Yaping, ZHOU Jing, WU Shiyue, YU Qun DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2021.02.011 Objective　To investigate the influencing factors of children's physical growth, developmental status, psychological status, and participation in social activities after solid tumor surgery in children. Methods　A convenient sampling method was adopted to select 128 children with solid tumors (solid tumor group) and 169 children with non-solid tumors (control group) admitted to the Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine from January 2017 to January 2020. The self-designed questionnaire and Achenbach child behavior checklist (CBCL) were used to conduct face-to-face interviews with the parents of the children. Data in the forms of on-site distribution, filling, and recycling were collected and analyzed. Results　Compared with the control group, the solid tumor group had a lower body mass index, a higher economic burden, a longer returning to school after treatment, and a higher incidence of behavioral problems. In addition, compared with the control group, the incidence of social withdrawal and schizophrenic anxiety was higher in male children with solid tumors aged 6 to 11 years, and the incidence of depression was higher in female children in the solid tumor group. Conclusion　The social regression of children with solid tumors after surgery is affected by many factors. It should be regarded as an important part of the specialist treatment plan, attracting enough attention and providing a collaborative basis for the specialist comprehensive treatment plan. 2021 Vol. 9 (2): 135- [Abstract] ( 2791 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (777 KB)  ( 1964 ) 141 Relationship between serum vitamin A and E levels and immune function in children with repeated respiratory tract infection WANG Dingcheng, ZHANG Hua DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2021.02.012 Objective　To investigate the relationship between serum vitamin A and E levels and immune function in children with repeated respiratory tract infection. Methods　Tow hundred and forty children with repeated respiratory tract infection recruited from  January 2017 to January 2019 were enrolled as case group, and 250 normal children in the same period were recruited as control group. Serum levels of vitamin A and E were detected by high performance liquid chromatography. IgA, IgM and IgG levels were detected by single radial immunodiffusion. The proportions of CD4 ＋ T cells, CD8 ＋ T cells, and CD4 ＋/CD8＋ in the peripheral blood were detected by flow cytometry. Then, the data were compared and the correlation was analyzed between groups. Results　Compared with the control group, serum levels of vitamin A and E in the case group were significantly lower (P<0.05), and vitamin A and E deficiencies were significantly higher (P<0.05). Serum levels of IgA, IgM, and IgG, and the proportion of CD4＋T cells, CD8＋T cells, and CD4＋/CD8＋ in the case group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). In the case group, there was significantly positive correlation among vitamin A and E and IgA, IgM, IgG, and CD4＋/CD8＋ (P<0.05). Conclusion　Vitamin A and E levels in children with repeated respiratory tract infection decrease and are closely related to reduction of immune function. 2021 Vol. 9 (2): 141- [Abstract] ( 2896 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (2567 KB)  ( 1719 ) 148 Practice and thinking of health care management in nursery service for children of 0−3 years old: taking Pudong New Area as an example XU Lei, WANG Di, SUN En DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2021.02.013 Infancy is the beginning of an all-round development in human beings. Nursery service is a service which provides early childhood care and scientific childcare guidance for children under 3 years old and their parents. In the standardized management of nursery service institutions, Shanghai Pudong New Area Health Care Hospital for Women and Children shall strengthen leading and the cooperation among departments, implement various requirements of health care management, strengthen personnel training and daily supervision and inspection, and actively promote the construction of early childhood development bases. Carrying out scientific childcare activities in cooperation with relevant government functional departments will continuously promote the healthy and orderly development of nursery services in Pudong New Area. 2021 Vol. 9 (2): 148- [Abstract] ( 2895 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (769 KB)  ( 2061 )        Review 152 Effects of exercise intervention on brain executive function of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder children CHAO Yutong, ZHANG Gong DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2021.02.014 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common psychological and behavioral disorder in childhood, which is clinically manifested by inattention, short attention time, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that are not commensurate with age and development level. ADHD children are often accompanied by executive function impairment, which has a negative impact on many aspects of ADHD children's life, leading ADHD children to face many challenges in a series of fields such as learning life, social interaction, and emotional regulation. As a means of effective intervention for children with ADHD, exercise intervention can have a positive effect on the executive function of children with ADHD. Compared with traditional drug intervention, exercise intervention has no side effects and is easier to be implemented than behavioral intervention. At present, many studies have proved that exercise can improve the executive function of children with ADHD. Exercise can cause many physiological changes in the human body, such as the rise of cerebral blood flow, the secretion of catecholamine neurotransmitters, and the increase of the concentration of brain-derived trophic factor,  which can further promote changes in individual brain structure, make changes in the functional network and activation mode of executive function-related brain regions, and improve executive function and related symptoms. 2021 Vol. 9 (2): 152- [Abstract] ( 3358 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (820 KB)  ( 3798 )

Copyright © Editorial Board of JOURNAL OF BIO-EDUCATION Supported by:Beijing Magtech