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2016 Vol. 4, No. 1
Published: 2016-03-30
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1
Application of brain functional imaging technology for developmental and behavioral pediatrics
MA Jun, ZHANG Anyi, JIN Xingming
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2016.01.001
Developmental and behavioral pediatrics is promoted to a new era by the development of modern brain functional imaging technologies. Brain functional imaging technologies are not only capable of discovering the exact mechanisms of brain deficits in developmental and behavioral disorders from brain activations, brain connections, and the whole brain system, but also helping constructing an integrated model of cognitive neural disorders. This may point towards the aberrant neural pathways which caused a variety of developmental and behavioral disorders. It may be useful to explore the targets for drug or other treatments. Take the brain development of typically developing children, children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, enuresis, and tics for examples, in this article we formulate the application progress of modern brain functional imaging technologies on developmental and behavioral pediatrics.
2016 Vol. 4 (1): 1- [
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Establishment of lead-exposed rat models at different developmental stages
LI Shufang, SUN Shuangyuan, JI Xiaofan, XU Jian
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2016.01.002
Objective
To establish the rat models of developmental lead exposure at different age groups and offer a footstone for the follow-up studies.
Methods
Two kinds of animal models of developmental lead exposure were established: the model lead-exposed during childhood (20 to 40 days old) and the model leadexposed during adolescence (40 to 60 days old). Eighteen Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control, low lead-exposed (treated by 0.05% lead acetate in their drinking water for 20 days) and high lead-exposed (treated by 0.2% lead acetate in their drinking water for 20 days) group in both models, 6 in each group. The blood lead levels and bone lead levels (lead levels in cancellous bone and compact bone were respectively measured) were measured to evaluate lead poisoning levels in rats.
Results
The blood lead levels and bone lead levels of lead exposure groups in both childhood and adolescence models were significantly higher than those of control groups (P<0.01). What's more, in both models, the blood lead levels of high lead-exposed groups were significantly higher than those of low lead-exposed groups (P<0.01). In lead exposure groups, the blood lead levels and lead levels in compact bone of rats in childhood model were higher than those in adolescence model (P<0.01). But, lead levels in cancellous bone had no significant differences (P=0.245). In each group, the blood lead levels and bone lead levels were highly correlated (compact bone: r=0.931, P=0.000；cancellous bone: r=0.918, P=0.000).
Conclusion
Different levels of lead exposure are needed to establish rat models with same blood or bone lead levels among different age groups.
2016 Vol. 4 (1): 7- [
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11
Relationship between family function and family development need
PU Zhenmei, TAN Hui, XIE Jingbo, XU Xiaoli, YOU Xiaofang, WANG Ling
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2016.01.003
Objective
To investigate the relationship between family functioning and family development needs in Xuhui District, Shanghai.
Methods
Survey was conducted in a neighborhood committee in Xuhui District. Face-to-face interviews were completed for 1 579 eligible families. APGAR and need of family development questionnaires were used by convenience sampling household investigation.
Results
The average score of family functioning was 8.4±2.6. The ratio of families with good family functioning was 72.7% and that of families with defective family functioning was 27.3%. The demand rate of family supportive service was 71.4% and that of family educational service was 58.2%. The families with defective family functioning had higher scores than the families with good family functioning in total family supportive service needs (27.0±11.6 vs. 23.6±8.4), total family educational service needs (22.5±10.1 vs. 20.1±4.9), community health care needs (16.8±8.3 vs. 14.8±6.5), committee housekeeping needs (8.4±3.8 vs. 7.2±2.5), legal advisory service needs (1.8±0.9 vs. 1.6±0.8), child protection and development education needs (9.2±5.9 vs. 7.6±2.8), and reproductive health educational service needs (5.8±2.8 vs. 5.2±1.0)(P<0.05 for all). The family functioning showed remarkably inverse relation with demands of total family supportive service and total family educational service respectively (r=-0.135 and -0.128 respectively, P<0.01 for both).
Conclusion
When trying to meet the high family development needs of the residents, efforts should be focused on the families with defective family functioning especially.
2016 Vol. 4 (1): 11- [
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Correlation analysis of body activities and myopia among primary and middle school students
YANG Dongling, GUO Changyi, ZHOU Yuefang, YU Jin, WANG Pengfei, LU Xi, ZOU Zhiyong, LUO Chunyan
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2016.01.004
Objective
To explore the association between physical activity, sedentary behaviors, and myopia among primary and middle school students in Shanghai.
Methods
A total of 9 583 students were selected from 16 schools in 8 districts in Shanghai by stratified clustering sampling methods. Questionnaires were performed to get the information of physical activity and sedentary behaviors. Vision examinations were carried out. Univariate and multivariable methods were used to analyze the association between physical activity, sedentary behaviors and myopia respectively.
Results
Among primary and middle school students in Shanghai, the myopia prevalence rate was 47.2%. The average moderate and rigorous physical activity（MVPA） time, total sedentary time, homework time, watching TV time, playing computer/video game time was 0.57 h(0.25-1.14 h), 5.77 h(2.50-8.00 h), 2.00 h(1.50-3.00 h), 0.50 h(0.33-1.00 h), and 0.33 h(0.00-1.00 h) per day, respectively. In a logistic regression model, after adjusted for sex, age and parental myopia, odds ratios were 9.5% higher with each hour on homework per day (OR=1.095，95%CI=1.043-1.150). Contrarily, the odds ratio of MVPA up to 1 h was 0.823 (95%CI=0.735-0.921).
Conclusion
Longer homework time was the risk factor of myopia and MVPA up to 1 h was the protective factor among primary and middle school students in Shanghai. To prevent myopia, students should be encouraged to take more outdoor physical activity.
2016 Vol. 4 (1): 17- [
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Effects of memory load on different exercise capacity groups time perception
HUANG Wenying, LI Tao, HE Jinghua, ZHANG Xiaorong
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2016.01.005
Objective
To explore differences of time perception in different exercise capacity groups with/without memory load and provide new evidence for physical activity promoting brain health.
Methods
In September 2015, 21 high level athletes, 15 physical education college students, and 18 normal college students were enrolled in the study as the subjects in Jiangxi Normal University. The model of the memory load and time of dual task paradigm（memory task × time task) was used. E-prime 2.0 software version of the psychological experiment was used to design the process, which would test a 2.5 s perception by the time producing method.
Results
① In the time task without memory load, the time estimates by high level athletes and sports professional college students were closed to standard pitch, and that of ordinary college students was significantly higher than standard pitch. ② In the time task with memory load, both physical education college and normal college students' estimated time was significantly shorter than that without memory load (P<0.05). But high level athletes were not affected by memory load. ③ The average error of estimated time of high level athletes was significantly less than those of the students of physical education college and normal college.
Conclusion
The ability of time perception accuracy, stability, and anti-interference of high level athletes is the best among the three groups, which shows the advantage of the sense of time promoted by physical activity. This includes the time perception accuracy, stability, and anti-jamming capability.
2016 Vol. 4 (1): 22- [
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Effects of gestational weight gain and pre-pregnancy BMI on infant physical growth
PAN Meirong, XU Jian
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2016.01.006
Objective
To explore the effects of gestational weight gain (GWG) and pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) on infant height, weight and BMI before the age of 2 years.
Methods
A total of 225 pregnant women were recruited at prenatal care clinics in Shanghai Xinhua Hospital from February to October 2010. Maternal pre-pregnancy weight and height were self-reported, and a series of questionnaires were completed from the 28th to 36th gestational week. Multiple linear regression was modeled to explore the influencing factors of GWG. According to pre-pregnancy BMI, the women were divided in low weight group (BMI<18.0 kg/m
2
), normal weight group (18.0-24.9 kg/m
2
), and overweight group (≥25.0 kg/m
2
). Infant weight, length and BMI were followed up at birth, 6 , 12, 18, and 24 months old. The relationship between pre-pregnancy BMI, GWG and the infant standardized weight, length and BMI was analyzed. Mixed model with repeated measures at each followed age was then established to assess infant weight, height and BMI growth trends.
Results
① Mother's pre-pregnancy BMI and education level were negatively related with GWG. ② GWG and pre-pregnancy BMI were positively correlated with infant weight, length and BMI at each follow-up stage before the age of 2 years. GWG had a greater impact on the boys' weight and length than on the girls' (P<0.05), whereas pre-pregnancy BMI had greater impacts on the girls' weight and BMI growth than on the boys' (P<0.05). ③ Mixed model of repeated measures indicated that, independent of age, a higher GWG level was associated with a higher infant standardized weight, length and BMI. But there were no significant effects on trends of weight, length and BMI.
Conclusion
Pre-pregnancy BMI is negatively correlated with GWG. GWG and pre-pregnancy BMI are both positively associated with infant weight, length and BMI growth before the age of 2 years and the association has gender differences.
2016 Vol. 4 (1): 26- [
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Relationship between mental load and physical burden: from embodied cognition view
HE Xixi, CUI Lijuan
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2016.01.007
Objective
To investigate the relationship between mental load and physical burden, and to explore effects of job burnout in that according to the view of embodied cognition.
Methods
A total of 216 staff members were selected, and Perceived Stress Scales and Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey were conducted. The
t
test and regression analysis were used for statistical analysis.
Results
① Differences of job burnout and stress perception were significant among people at different ages. Differences of job burnout and perception of physical burden were significant between genders. Differences of stress perception were significant among people with different years of work experience. ② Individuals' stress perception was positively related with job burnout and physical burden, and job burnout was positively related with physical burden. ③ Some dimensions of job burnout were found to be mediators between stress perception and physical burden. The mediating effects of emotional exhaustion on the relations between stress perception and physical burden was significant.
Conclusion
The results suggest that perception of mental stress will influence individuals' perception of physical burden. In organizations, job stress of employees needs to be taken into consideration. The adjustment of job stress will lead to less job burnout, enhancing the competitiveness of organizations.
2016 Vol. 4 (1): 34- [
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Review
39
Research progress on cause and intervention of learning disabilities
WANG Daoyang, SONG Ran, YIN Xin, CAO Guoguo
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2016.01.008
Learning disability is a developmental disorder in language, speaking, reading, and social interaction skills of children, but it has nothing to do with intelligence. Aiming at the causes of learning disabilities, discussing the cognitive factors, psychological factors and environmental factors , the researchers proposed the IQ-achievement discrepancy in diagnostic intervention model, Dynamic Assessment Model, Responsiveness-to-Intervention, and Hypothesis-Testing CHC Approach. The intervention of learning disabilities is also faced with the problem of indefinite identification standard and obviously insufficient effect. For these problems, it is the inevitable choice that learning disability intervention walks towards a comprehensive, intelligent research and development in the future.
2016 Vol. 4 (1): 39- [
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