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2021 Vol. 9, No. 6
Published: 2021-11-30
Review
Article
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435
Efficiency of cognitive bias modification in posttraumatic stress disorder
ZHANG Fan, YAN Wenjie, HUANG Chenwei, LIU Weizhi
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2021.06.001
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a persistent mental disorder that can induce negative emotions and social function decline in patients. The main symptoms of PTSD include intrusion (like nightmare), avoidance, cognitive and mood problems, and increased alertness. Many types of cognitive biases including attention bias, memory bias, and interpretation bias are closely related to PTSD. These types of cognitive bias have been viewed as important mechanism in the maintenance of symptoms in several PTSD cognitive processing models. At present, cognitive bias modification includes attentional bias modification (ABM) and cognitive bias modification for interpretation (CBM-I), which are mainly used to ease negative emotion by changing the negative bias or increasing the cognitive processing of neutral or positive information. Some studies have reported that CBM has a positive effect on relieving the severity of post-traumatic stress disorder, but the overall number of studies is small, and there is a lack of intervention for clinical samples and cognitive neuroscience evidence. The efficiency of CBM in relieving PTSD symptoms still needs to be further verified.
2021 Vol. 9 (6): 435- [
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Analysis on characteristics of development of “Ba”sentence in children aged 1 to 6 years
CHEN Yiqing, XIE Yachun, HONG Qin, WU Qian, ZHU Yuanyuan, ZHANG Lei, XU Yaqin, CHI Xia, TONG Meiling
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2021.06.002
Objective
To preliminarily discuss the developmental rules of the comprehension and expression of “Ba” sentence in children through the analysis on the characteristics of the development of “Ba” sentence in children aged 1 to 6 years.
Methods
A stratified random sample of 1 094 children in Jiangsu Province was tested by using the “Ba” sentence test section of the language development assessment scale for children aged 1 to 6 years.
Results
In the comprehension of “Ba” sentence, different types of “Ba” sentences had different development speed. The “Ba” sentence omitting agent element was obviously earlier than the “Ba” sentence containing agent element, but they all developed gradually with the increase of age. Most children could understand the typical “Ba” sentence at the age of 5-6. In the expression of “Ba” sentence, the expression of “Ba” in 1.5-year-old children basically did not appear. “Ba” sentence developed gradually with the increase of age, and the expression of typical “Ba” sentence was almost synchronous developing. Most children could express correctly by the age of 4.5. In the comprehension of “Ba” sentence, the difference in scores between girls and boys was not statistically significant. However, in the expression of “Ba” sentence, the average score of girls was significantly higher than that of boys (P<0.05).
Conclusion
The development of “Ba” sentence in children aged 1 to 6 years has specific characteristics including acquisition order, age boundary, and gender differences. The study of “Ba” sentence is important for children's early language recognition and intervention.
2021 Vol. 9 (6): 440- [
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444
Study on relationship between white lie cognition and emotion understanding in preschoolers
AN Ran, LI Yanwei
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2021.06.003
Objective
To explore the developmental trend of preschooler's white lie cognition and the moderating role of emotion understanding in the cognitive process of white lie.
Methods
In Nanjing city, 425 children, aged 3-6 years, were tested in a questionnaire-based survey on developmental levels of white lie cognition and emotional understanding. Among them, 195 children who could distinguish the truth from lies were randomly selected to participate in the later data analysis.
Results
There were no significant differences of age and gender in preschoolers who could distinguish the truth from lies in the white lie cognition test, including the levels of white lie judgement and its moral evaluation. However, preschooler's emotion understanding performance increased with age and girls performed better than boys did. There was significantly positive correlation between preschoolers' white lie cognition and emotion understanding. Emotion understanding played a moderating role in the relationship between the judgement of white lie and its moral evaluation.
Conclusion
Preschoolers' emotional understanding is related to white lie cognition. For those with higher judgement of white lies, higher levels of emotional understanding would promote their moral evaluation of white lies.
2021 Vol. 9 (6): 444- [
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Investigation in cognition, behavior and mental health status of medical students at different stages of COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control
Asimuguli KELIMU, Adila ABULAITI, Abida ABULAITI, Munire NUERMAIMAITI, WU Xiaoyan, TAO Fangbiao
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2021.06.004
Objective
To understand the dynamic changes of cognition, corresponding protective behavior, and emotional status of medical undergraduates during COVID-19 epidemic, and provide reference for psychological counseling of students.
Methods
A questionnaire survey was conducted on 595 undergraduates of one medical college in Xinjiang on February 4-5, 2020 (emergency stage) and May 25-26, 2020 (normalization stage), respectively. Self-made questionnaire, patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and generalized anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7) were used to evaluate the recognition of COVID-19 and behavior and mental health status of the students.
Results
In the two stages of epidemic prevention and control, symptoms of depression were observed in 22.7% and 23.9% of the medical students, while anxiety was observed in 15.3% and 19.8% of the medical students(P>0.05). Compared to the emergency stage, the students' cognition of transmission route, mortality rate, vulnerable population of COVID-19 epidemic was improved (P<0.05); students paid more attention to disinfection at home and avoided visiting relatives and friends, but their performance of hand washing was poor; lower grade students and female students showed better performance (P<0.05) in the normalization stage. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that age, isolation days, and cognitive and behavioral scores could explain 33.1% and 32.8% of symptoms of depression or anxiety.
Conclusion
Compared to the emergency stage, the incidence of depression and anxiety symptoms of medical students was still higher in the normalization stage. Their cognition of COVID-19 epidemic was improved, but inaccurate protective behavior and irregular living rhythm appeared. The mental health status of medical students is related to age, cognition, behavior, and living rhythm.
2021 Vol. 9 (6): 449- [
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Relationship between Qi depression constitution and depression: mediating role of non-adaptive cognition and moderating role of mindfulness
LUO Xinsen, ZHANG Bin, YUAN Mengqi, XIONG Sicheng, MAO Huili, PENG Yu, HU Rongting
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2021.06.005
Objective
To explore the effects of non-adaptive cognition and mindfulness on the relation between Qi depression constitution and depression in college students.
Methods
In this study, 891 college students were investigated with center for epidemiologic studies depression scale (CES-D), Qi depression constitution scale of constitution in Chinese medicine questionnaire (CCMQ), non-adaptive cognitive scale (NACS), and mindful attention awareness scale (MAAS). The mediating effect was tested by the test procedure of mediation based on structural equation. The moderating effect was tested by latent moderated structural (LMS) equation and simple slope analysis.
Results
After controlling gender, birthplace, and grade, Qi depression constitution had a significant predictive effect on depression of college students (P＜0.001). The mediation analysis showed that Qi depression constitution indirectly affected depression through mediating effect of non-adaptive cognition, and the ratio of the mediating effect to the total effect was 17.21%. The moderated mediation analysis further showed that mindfulness moderated the first stage (P＜0.001) and residual direct stage (P＜0.001) of the mediating effect of “Qi depression constitution → non-adaptive cognition → depression”.
Conclusion
Qi depression constitution has a direct effect on depression and an indirect effect through non-adaptive cognition. The mediating effect of non-adaptive cognition is moderated by mindfulness.
2021 Vol. 9 (6): 457- [
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Study on expression of
DRD
5 mRNA in peripheral blood lymphocytes of children with tic disorder and intervention effect of Qufeng Zhidong Decoction on it
JIANG Keyu, MAO Hongliu, WU Min, GAO Ge, ZHANG Xin
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2021.06.006
Objective
To detect the expression of DRD5 mRNA in peripheral blood lymphocytes of children with tic disorder, and observe the effect of the traditional Chinese medicine Qufeng Zhidong Decoction on the expression of DRD5 mRNA.
Methods
A total of 100 children with tic disorder were selected as the research objects (the tic disorder group), and 50 healthy children of the corresponding age were collected as controls (normal control group). Real-time PCR method was used to detect the expression levels of DRD5 mRNA in peripheral blood lymphocytes. The expression of DRD5 mRNA of moderate and severe patients in the tic disorder group were detected before and after the treatment of Qufeng Zhidong Decoction.
Results
The enrolled children were divided into preschool (<7 years old) and school-age (≥7 years old) for analysis according to their age. The relative expressions of DRD5 mRNA in peripheral blood lymphocytes in the preschool and school-age tic disorder groups were significantly higher than those of the normal control group of the corresponding age (P<0.05). After treatment with Qufeng Zhidong Decoction, the relative expressions of DRD5 mRNA in the preschool, school-age moderate tic disorder group and school-age severe tic disorder group were significantly lower than those before treatment (P<0.05).
Conclusion
The occurrence and development of tic disorder may be related to the high expression of DRD5 mRNA in peripheral blood lymphocytes. DRD5 can be used as the target of Qufeng Zhidong Decoction to treat tic disorder.
2021 Vol. 9 (6): 464- [
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Bilingual advantage effect of Chinese-English bilinguals in emotional Stroop
JIAO Jiangli, LIU Yi
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2021.06.007
Objective
To explore differences in emotional information processing between bilinguals and monolinguals in emotional Stroop tasks.
Methods
The experiment was designed by 2 × 2. Among bilinguals and monolinguals, the reaction time and error rates of color words were recorded. Scores of effect size (ES) were calculated.
Results
Both groups showed emotional Stroop effect. The amount of ES effect of bilinguals (23 ms) was significantly less than that of the monolinguals (52 ms). The average error rate of monolinguals (4.54%) was significantly higher than that of the bilinguals (2.18%).
Conclusion
In the emotional Stroop task, bilinguals showed better attentional inhibition control on emotional lexical information than monolinguals. Bilingual dominance effect also exists in the attention processing of emotional information processing.
2021 Vol. 9 (6): 469- [
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Comparison of cardiopulmonary function between children with functional single ventricle and healthy children
YAN Xinxin, ZHOU Zhenfa, CHEN Weimin, WANG Tingting, HONG Haifa
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2021.06.008
Objective
To investigate the cardiopulmonary function of children with functional single ventricle after Fontan operation.
Methods
By noninvasive cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), 39 children with functional single ventricle after Fontan operation were compared with healthy controls, and their cardiopulmonary function was analyzed.
Results
The general demographic data of children with functional single ventricle were similar to those of the healthy control group. For the core index of CPET, oxygen uptake at anaerobic threshold of the children with functional single ventricle was significantly lower than that of the control group［ (15.6±4.6)mL/(min·kg) vs. (29.1±6.4)mL/(min·kg)］with percentage of estimated maximum oxygen uptake ［(39.3±11.1)% vs. (71.0±14.0)%］. The oxygen uptake under extreme conditions of the children with functional single ventricle was significantly lower than that of the control group ［（23.7±5.3）mL/(min·kg) vs. (43.5±7.5）mL/(min·kg)］with percentage of estimated maximum oxygen uptake ［(59.9±13.6)% vs. (107.0±17.0)%］ (P<0.000 1).
Conclusion
The cardiopulmonary function of children with functional single ventricle is significantly lower than that of the healthy controls, so exercise intervention is recommended.
2021 Vol. 9 (6): 473- [
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Correlation between event-related potential P300 and visual and auditory continuous performance test in children with nocturnal enuresis
DENG Liangqiong, ZHANG Yu, CHEN Ling, XIONG Li, ZENG Xuan, ZENG Peipei, ZENG Ting
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2021.06.009
Objective
To investigate the correlation between integrated visual and auditory continuous performance test (IVA-CPT) and event-related potential P300 in children with nocturnal enuresis, and explore its significance in diagnosis.
Methods
A total of 48 children with enuresis were enrolled as enuresis group, and 57 normal children were enrolled as control group. The visual Oddball paradigm was applied, P300 was measured, and the IVA-CPT was assessed in all patients and controls.
Results
In the enuresis group, full scale attention/scale quotient, visual attention/control quotient, and auditory attention/control quotient were significantly lower than those of the control group (P<0.01). Children with enuresis showed significantly longer latency and lower amplitude of P300 than normal children (P<0.01), except for P4 amplitude (P>0.05). In children with enuresis, the visual attention/control quotient was positively correlated with P300 (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01), except for P4 amplitude, and negatively correlated with the latency of P300 (P＜0.01).
Conclusion
Children with nocturnal enuresis may have impaired attention function and impairment of inhibition control, especially in visual cognitive impairment and attention control.
2021 Vol. 9 (6): 478- [
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Evaluation of physical fitness of school-aged children in Weifang city
GENG Guihua, GAO Yongling, YUAN Yanhua, XU Shaohua, LI Linlin, SHI Rong, LU Qi, TIAN Ying, LEI Xiaoning
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2021.06.010
Objective
To comprehensively evaluate the physical shape, nutritional status, cardiopulmonary function, and visual health of school-aged children, and provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of childhood obesity, hypertension, and reduced visual acuity.
Methods
A total of 4 484 children aged from 7 to 12 years were involved by a cluster sampling method in Weifang, Shandong province. Their height, weight, chest circumference, vital capacity, blood pressure, and vision were measured. Levels of physical indicators of the children were compared with average levels of national-wide children. And the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and cardiopulmonary function was analyzed.
Results
Average levels of growth and development indicators of the children were higher than those of the national-wide children. The prevalence of growth retardation (0.4%) and wasting (8.0%) was lower. However, the prevalence rates of obesity, hypertension, and reduced visual acuity were 15.6%, 18.5%, and 55.8%, respectively, which were higher than those of national-wide children. The prevalence of obesity of boys (19.2%) was higher than that of girls (12.0%), while the prevalence of reduced visual acuity displayed a reverse fashion, which was 62.0% for girls and 52.2% for boys. BMI was positively correlated with vital capacity and blood pressure.
Conclusion
High prevalence of obesity, hypertension, and reduced visual acuity was found among the children in Weifang, Shandong. The increased blood pressure may at least partially be owing to the obesity. It is urgent to prevent and control the childhood obesity, hypertension, and reduced visual acuity.
2021 Vol. 9 (6): 482- [
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Questionnaire survey on cognition of vitamin A deficiency and application of vitamin A supplementation among pediatricians
DENG Jing, LI Tingyu, CHEN Jie, CHEN Li, YANG Ting
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2021.06.011
Objective
To understand the status of pediatricians' understanding of vitamin A deficiency and the application status of vitamin A supplements, and analyze the influencing factors.
Methods
A self-made questionnaire was used to survey on pediatricians (pediatric specialists and child health care doctors) in the “children health care WeChat group”. Univariate and multivariate disordered multi-classification Logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the influencing factors of vitamin A supplement application.
Results
A total of 1 900 pediatricians completed the questionnaire survey. Among them, 72.9% would recommend parents to use vitamin A supplementation in clinical practice. Pediatricians who had received vitamin A-related training were more likely to recommend parents to use vitamin A supplements. Among them, the OR values (95%CI) of training within 1 year and within 1-3 years were 6.434 (1.954-21.178) and 9.287 (2.207-39.080). In addition, compared with tertiary hospitals, pediatricians in secondary hospitals would recommend parents to use vitamin A supplements according to the situation in a lower proportion, with an OR value (95%CI) of 0.437 (0.222-0.862). More than 99.0% of pediatricians knew at least one kind of vitamin A source, high risk factors of deficiency and related diseases. About 50.0% of pediatricians knew the diagnostic criteria of vitamin A deficiency and marginal vitamin A deficiency. And 85.2% of pediatricians believed that continuous supplementation of vitamin A was needed, but they had different understanding of the start time, end time, and dosage.
Conclusion
Most pediatricians know a lot about vitamin A. The application rate of vitamin A supplements is high. However, there are still many unreasonable aspects of vitamin A supplementation due to the lack of uniform guidelines. The related training and education should be carried out for pediatricians.
2021 Vol. 9 (6): 488- [
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Effect of iron nutritional status during pregnancy on iron deficiency anemia in infants aged 6-12 months
CHEN Chengdi, LIN Yuanyuan, ZHANG Yiwen
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2021.06.012
Objective
To explore the iron nutritional status during pregnancy and its influence on iron deficiency anemia (IDA) of infants by screening and analyzing the influencing factors of IDA of infants aged 6-12 months, so as to provide scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of infant anemia.
Methods
The infants aged 6-12 months who underwent physical examination in Shanghai Wellem Clinic from January 2019 to June 2020 were enrolled. And the data of routine health examination (physical examination, blood routine test, iron metabolism examination, and questionnaire survey) were analyzed retrospectively.
Results
Among 342 infants aged 6-12 months, 51 infants with IDA were detected, accounting for 14.91%. Maternal anemia during pregnancy was 26.90%, including 19.57% in early pregnancy, 55.43% in middle pregnancy, and 23.91% in late pregnancy. Maternal iron supplementation during pregnancy accounted for 34.80%. The results of grouping analysis showed that between IDA group and non-IDA group, there were significant differences in maternal iron nutrition status (anemia during pregnancy, iron supplement during pregnancy, and recovery of anemia during pregnancy), maternal body mass index (BMI), and infant birth weight (P<0.05). After adjusting maternal BMI and infant birth weight, Logistic regression analysis showed that maternal anemia during pregnancy was still a risk factor for infant with IDA (OR>1, P<0.05).
Conclusion
Anemia during pregnancy is the main risk factor of IDA in infants aged 6-12 months. Prevention of anemia during pregnancy is key to prevent IDA in infants.
2021 Vol. 9 (6): 496- [
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Relationship between napping and behavioral problems among vocational high school students
HAN Jing, HUANG Rendong, YUE Lei, CUI Naixue, CAO Fenglin
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2021.06.013
Objective
To explore the characteristics of daytime napping and its relationship with behavioral problems in vocational high school students.
Methods
The napping questionnaire, youth self report (YSR), general information questionnaire, and other tools for covariates were used to measure 2 505 vocational high school students. After controlling for general data characteristics and other covariates, multiple linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between frequency and duration of daytime napping and behavior problems.
Results
Among the 2 505 participants, 72.58% reported taking daytime napping at least three times per week, and 55.79% reported more than 30 min mapping once. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that frequency of daytime napping was negatively associated with behavior problems. Compared with the students who did not take a nap or napped less than 1 time/week (less than 4 times per month), the students who had a nap frequency of 1 to 2 times/week or 3 to 4 times/week had lower scores on internalization and externalization behavior problems, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant association between nap duration and internalization and externalization behavior problems(P>0.05).
Conclusion
When napping is allowed, moderate frequency of napping is associated with lower level of internalization and externalization behavioral problems in vocational high school students, while nap duration is not significantly associated with behavioral problems.
2021 Vol. 9 (6): 501- [
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Application of personalized continuous nursing model in clinical care of children with epilepsy and improvement of care-givers' load
HOU Min, ZHANG Hongyan, BIAN Yan, SHEN Jiayi, MA Yan
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2021.06.014
Objective
To analyze the effect of applying personalized continuous nursing model in clinical care of children with epilepsy and the improvement of caregivers load.
Methods
Ninety children with epilepsy treated in Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from August 2018 to March 2020 were randomly divided into two groups. The control group (n=45) was given routine care and the intervention group (n=45) was given personalized continuing care based on information-motivation-behavioral skills model (IMB). The psychological status and quality of life of the children before and after intervention were evaluated. The burden levels of caregivers before and after intervention were assessed. The relevant indicators of the children and their families after discharge were investigated, and the nursing satisfaction of the two groups was counted.
Results
The Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA) and Hamilton depression scale (HAMD) scores of the intervention group were significantly lower than those of the control group after intervention (P<0.05). The scores of quality of life in each dimension of the intervention group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). Personal burden, burden of responsibility, and Zarit caregiver burden interview (ZBI) total score of the intervention group were significantly lower than those of the control group after intervention (P<0.05). The health knowledge awareness rate and medical order compliance rate of the intervention group were significantly higher than those of the control group, while the recurrence rate was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the total satisfaction rate of nursing care was significantly higher in intervention group (P<0.05).
Conclusion
The application of personalized continuous care model in clinical care of children with epilepsy can effectively reduce the recurrence rate, improve the compliance of medical orders, improve the psychological state of children, improve the quality of life, and reduce the burden of caregivers. The nursing satisfaction is high.
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513
Advances in role of vitamin A in autism spectrum disorder
HU Jun, DU Jipeng, YI Mingji
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2021.06.015
The exact pathogenic mechanisms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are still unclear. Recent studies have linked them to the nutritional status of vitamin A in children with ASD. This article reviews the peripheral blood levels of vitamin A, the causes of low levels of vitamin A, the effects and mechanisms of low vitamin A levels on the clinical manifestation of children with ASD, and the supplementation of vitamin A in improving symptoms of ASD.
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