Objective  To explore the clinical characteristics of preschoolers with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods  The subjects were 326 preschoolers (aged 4y0m-5y11m), diagnosed as ADHD according to the diagnostic infant and preschool assessment (DIPA) from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(Fifth Edition )(DSM-5). The diagnoses of subtypes (ADHD-I, ADHD-HI, and ADHD-C) were made by DIPA. The Chinese version of SNAP for preschool children, the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ), and the parent motivational questionnaire were assessed. Results  There were 271 boys and 55 girls in this study, with the ratio as 5∶1. There were 216 cases of ADHD-C, 81 ADHD-HI, and 29 ADHD-I. The ratio of three subtypes was 7∶3∶1. And 110 ADHD preschoolers (33.7%) had comorbidity, with the majority of them suffering from oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), accounting for 28.5% (93 cases). The results of the SDQ  (303 cases) indicated that 69.0% of the subjects had peer problems (209 cases). The results of the parental motivational questionnaire (253 cases) indicated that 202 parents (79.9%) had (strong) willingness to change. Conclusion  There are more boys with ADHD in preschool age, most of them are ADHD-C subtypes, with mainly comorbidity as ODD. The preschoolers with ADHD have prominent peer problems, and the parents have strong motivation for treatment.

Objective  To explore the influence of the fear of missing on phubbing, the mediating effect of mobile phone addiction and the regulating effect of self-control. Methods  A survey of 401 college students in Henan Province was conducted by using the fear of failure scale, phubbing scale, mobile phone addiction scale, and self-control scale. Results Phubbing was positively correlated with missing fear and mobile phone addiction, and negatively correlated with self-control. The fear of missing out was positively associated with phone addiction. The direct prediction effect of missing fear on phubbing was significant. After the intermediary of mobile phone addiction was added, missing fear could still be significantly predicted, that is, mobile phone addiction had a significant mediating effect between missing fear and phubbing. Self-control regulated the direct effect of missing fear and phubbing and the latter half of the intermediary path. Conclusion  The fear of missing out can indirectly influence the phubbing through mobile phone addiction. Self-control plays a regulating role in the behaviors of missing fear and phubbing and in the behaviors of phone addiction and phubbing.

Objective  To analyze the health condition of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods  The study was based on the National Multicenter Sleep Research Database, which was collected from 9 cities with 23 791 school-age children in grades 1-6. Height and weight were measured by school doctors according to the standard method. Children with ADHD diagnosed by specialists were ADHD group and the others were non-ADHD group. According to the standards of children aged 2-18 years in 9 cities of China in 2005, they were diagnosed as underweight, growth retardation, marasmus, and overweight/obesity. Using preterm infants, sleep quality and previous diseases as independent variables, and diagnosed ADHD as dependent variables, a binary Logistic regression model was established. Results  The records of 18 731 school-age children were analyzed, within 808 ADHD children. Compared with the 5.9% growth retardation rate of non-ADHD children, the growth retardation rate of ADHD children was as high as 9.8% (χ²=20.353, P<0.001), which was  mainly concentrated in the age group of 6-9 years. The rate of overweight/obesity in ADHD children was 32.6%, which was higher than 29.6% in non-ADHD children (χ²=9.904, P=0.002). The rate of marasmus in ADHD boys was 7.5%, which was higher than 5.3% in non-ADHD boys (χ²=4.877, P=0.027). Premature infants (OR=1.838, 95% CI: 1.393-2.423), allergic diseases (OR=1.915, 95% CI: 1.526-2.399), otitis media (OR=1.549, 95% CI: 1.118-2.146), tonsil or adenoid hypertrophy (OR=1.662, 95% CI: 1.348-2.050, gastroesophageal reflux (OR=3.008, 95% CI: 1.792-5.049), and sleep dysfunction (OR=2.201, 95% CI: 1.847-2.623) were risk factors for ADHD in school-age children. Conclusion  The nutrition of school-age ADHD children is in a two-level state, especially for boys. It is suggested that clinical nutrition management should be carried out simultaneously with drug and behavioral therapy.

Objective  To explore the effect of metacognitive intervention training on mental health and English academic performance of primary school migrant children. Methods  Twenty-three grade fourth children (14 boys and 9 girls) from a rural primary school in Jiading District of Shanghai were selected as experimental group for metacognitive training, and 40 accompanying children (24 boys and 16 girls) in the same grade were selected as control group. These children completed the English subject, metacognitive questionnaire, depression scale, anxiety scale before and after the test. Results  The English academic performance of the experimental group was lower than that of the control group in the pre-test, and slightly higher than that of the control group in the post-test; the scores of the depression scale and anxiety scale in the two groups were the same. In the experimental group, the scores of self cognition, motivation and belief, strategy, planning, monitoring, regulation, and English academic achievement in the post-test were higher than those in the pre-test; the scores of depression scale and anxiety scale were lower than those of the pre-test. Conclusion  Metacognitive English strategy reading training can not only improve the English academic performance of migrant children, but also significantly reduce depression and anxiety, and promote the mental health of migrant children.

Individuals with a healthy nervous system will show a slight left-sided attention bias when they complete spatial attention tasks. This phenomenon is called pseudoneglect.  It is mainly influenced by age, dominant hand, reading direction and material length and type and so forth. The underlying mechanism is the focus of the research community. Some researchers believe that pseudoneglect is caused by the advantage of brain's right hemisphere in spatial attention task, while the others consider that the left side of the attention bias is depending on the reading direction from left to right. Based on attentional biases in the behavior of normal adults, preschoolers and animals, pseudoneglect is thought to be gradually formed by brain matures and reading practice. The influence of reading direction on pseudoneglect is realized by the asymmetric activation of the two hemispheres of the brain, which also reflects the unilateral adaptability and plasticity of human brain.

Maternal depression is an important public health issue of concern, not only for the burden of illness on the mother herself, but also for the potential impact on children's mental health. A review of recent studies on maternal depression and child psychiatric disorders shows that maternal depression is significantly associated with childhood depressive disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders. The theoretical bases of maternal depression and child mental disorders are fetal programming hypothesis, diathesis-stress model, and integrative model. The physiological mechanism of the intergenerational transmission of mental disorders is the change of genes, oxytocin, cortisol, and galvanic skin response by the mother's depression in children, and the psychological mechanisms are the cognitive dysfunction and emotional disorders in children.

The “critical period” and “sensitive period” are two related but also different concepts. Early studies about music training believed that early music training is important but later training is poor or even ineffective to the critical period during human's brain development. Subsequent studies have shown that the brain nervous system has lifelong plasticity and music training during the sensitive period has the significant effect on psychological cognition and neural construction. However, music training after the sensitive period can still improve mental cognition and shape the neurological function and structure of brain. Therefore, based on current studies about cognitive neuroscience, this review differentiates and analyzes the definition and main representations of critical period and sensitive period, and then put forward how to effectively and scientifically promote the development of music education.

Prosodic information plays a key role in oral comprehension. The abnormal perception and processing of prosodic information in autistic children restrict the daily conversation and social interaction and hinder the development of spoken language ability. In this paper, the developmental characteristics and influencing factors of prosodic information processing in autistic children are analyzed and compared, and the processing defects of neural mechanisms are discussed. Future research can focus on the relationship between prosodic information processing and speech development of autistic children, expand the differences of prosodic processing across cultural backgrounds, and explore the influence of emotional valence on prosodic information processing.

Promises express commitments to future actions, and the speaker has the responsibility and the obligation to ensure the realization of the act. At present, the research paradigms for promises include storytelling, resisting temptation and breaking the toy. The related researches on the development characteristics of promises mainly focus on the understanding of the concept of promises, the judgment of the behavior of promises, and fulfillment of promises. The promises may be influenced by the type of question, the identity of the requester, children's moral development level and motivation. Promise plays an important role in children's lies to conceal their own or others' transgressions. In the future, we should narrow the difference between the experimental situation and the real situation, enlarge the scope of the research, explore the moral character of promises, and give full play to its positive effects.