Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common chronic neurodevelopmental disorder, which starts in childhood and can last to adulthood. The main characteristics of ADHD are attention deficit and/or hyperactivity impulse which are not commensurate with the development level. In the early identification, diagnosis and standardized treatment of ADHD children, attention should be paid to the influence of nutrition factors on the risk of disease, the influence of digestive tract symptoms and comorbidity on nutrition status, as well as the monitoring, evaluation and guidance of physical growth and nutrition level during treatment and follow-up. The nutritional management of ADHD children will help to reduce the related nutritional risks of ADHD children, improve the nutritional status, and increase curative effect.

Objective　To research dynamic characteristics of neonatal intestinal flora and to analyze the related factors influencing the intestinal flora diversity by using polymerase chain reaction and denaturting gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) technology. Methods　Fecal samples were collected from 157 full-term and 72 pre-term neonates on the 3rd, 5th, 7th day and 3rd week after birth. The DNA samples of stool  were extracted and PCR amplification was performed on the variable regions 3 of the 16S rDNA gene. After analysis by DGGE, intestinal flora richness and Shannon-Wiener index were calculated and analyzed statistically according to the band present on the DGGE gel. Results　The neonatal intestinal flora richness  changed dynamically with time and increased with time during the observation period. Shannon-Wiener index raised with time within 7 d after birth. Intestinal flora richness and Shannon-Wiener index of the 5th day were significantly higher than those of the 3rd day after birth (P<0.001). Richness and Shannon-Wiener index of cesarean section group  were significantly lower than those of vaginal group on the 3rd day after birth (P<0.001). The number of vaginal group was also lower in Shannon-Wiener index on the 5th day after birth (P<0.05). Shannon-Wiener index of breast feeding group was significantly lower than that of formula feeding group on the both time of the 7th day and the 3rd week after birth (P<0.05). Full-term neonates' richness on the 3rd, 5th, and 7th day after birth and Shannon-Wiener index on the 3rd  and  5th day were significantly higher than those of pre-term infants. Conclusion　The intestinal flora diversity of neonates changed dynamically with time and the most dramatic development period was between 3rd and 5th day after birth. The intestinal flora diversity of cesarean section newborns was lower than that of vaginal delivery babies in the early period after birth. Breastfeeding diversity was lower than non-breastfeeding. Pre-term infants had low intestinal flora diversity and delayed colonization.

Objective　To explore the relationship between parenting stress and parenting sense of competence in children with intellectual disabilities. Methods　Parenting stress index-short form (PSI/SF) and parenting sense of competence(PSOC)were used to measure 238 intellectual disability children's fathers and mothers. Results　The parenting stress coming from the boys' fathers was significantly higher than that of the girls' fathers, while there was no significant difference between the parenting stress coming from the girls' mothers and the boys' mothers. The satisfaction of parental competence coming from the girls' fathers was significantly higher than that of the boys' fathers. The efficacy of parental competence coming from the boys' fathers was significantly higher than that of the girls' fathers. Parenting stress could significantly negatively predict the parental competence in parents of children with intellectual disabilities. There was a cubic functional relationship between parental parenting stress and the efficacy of parental competence. Conclusion　Reducing parental stress can enhance parental parenting satisfaction and efficacy.

Objective　To detect the peri-operative status of vitamin D and its association with postoperative clinical outcomes in children with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). Methods　Twenty-one children with TOF were randomly enrolled. Blood samples were collected at five time points, including preoperative, immediately after surgery, 24, 48, and 72 hours after surgery. The blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration was measured by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Results　The median age of the children was 0.66 years. The baseline 25(OH)D was (25.1±9.2) ng/mL(1 ng/mL＝0.40 nmoL/L). Vitamin D deficiency rate was 19% before operation, and 81% immediately after surgery. There were significant differences of 25(OH)D concentrations at the five time points (P<0.01). However, no significant difference was showed after control of the cardiopulmonary bypass time (P>0.05). No significant difference was found among 25(OH)D level and the length of hospital stay, cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) stay, and mortality (P>0.05). Area under curve of 25(OH)D concentration was computed. There was no significant difference among the area and the length of hospital, CICU stay, and hospitalization cost (P>0.05). Conclusion　Vitamin D deficiency is common in children with TOF. Cardiopulmonary bypass significantly affects the level of 25(OH)D after surgery. Vitamin D deficiency may increase the demand for treatment of advanced antibiotics and vasoactive agents.

Objective　To explore the effects of Internet medical treatment on children's asthma based on pediatric medical alliance. Methods　A total of 120 asthmatic children aged 4-11 years received standard treatment. Through the Internet medical “asthma worry free” APP, the parents of children with asthma were surveyed before enrollment and followed up after enrollment. According to the asthma questionnaire filled in by parents every month, the compliance of children's asthma treatment, asthma control, days of children's absence from school and  parents' absence from work, and medical expenses were compared before enrollment, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after standard treatment. Results　After 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of asthma treatment, the compliance and control rate of asthma in asthmatic children increased significantly (P<0.01). The number of days of children's absence from school and parents' absence from work, and medical expenses decreased significantly (P<0.01). Conclusion　Standard treatment and management of asthmatic children by Internet medical treatment under pediatric medical alliance can improve the compliance and control rate of asthma, and reduce days of children's absence from school and parents' absence from work, cost of asthma treatment, and burden of family and social economy. It is worthy of popularization and application in clinical medicine.

Objective　To discuss effectiveness of physical education in empathy intervention for students majoring in physical education. Methods　A total of 392 college students were selected as research objects, and questionnaire survey was adopted to assess empathy ability. SPSS 21.0 was used for data analysis. Results　Boys had higher cognitive and emotional empathy than girls. The empathy ability of physical education students was higher than that of non-physical education students. There was a negative correlation between grades of physical education majors and emotional empathy. Conclusion　There are differences in empathy ability between sports majors and non-sports majors. Physical education is effective in empathy intervention for physical education students.

Objective　To compare the outcomes of PAD (presentation, assimilation, and discussion)  teaching method and the traditional teaching method in a bilingual class. Methods　A total of 118 college students (n＝32 for the experimental group, n＝86 for the control group) were recruited. Achievement motivation and procrastination were measured by using questionnaires, and the academic performances of the experimental group and control group were compared. Results　Compared to the control group, students in the experimental group who were taught with the PAD teaching method had a significant decrease in the level of procrastination(t＝-3.15, P<0.01), and a significant increase in their academic scores (t＝4.18, P<0.001). In addition, achievement motivation fully mediated the relationship between teaching methods and academic performance. Conclusion　PAD teaching method can effectively decrease the level of procrastination and increase academic performance among college students, and thus should be used as one of the major resolutions of the difficulties in bilingual teaching.

Objective　To explore the prevalence and changing trends of the mortality among children under one year old in Wuxi, and to provide proper reference for the decisions made by the child health, disease control, and health administration. Methods　A retrospective analysis was conducted using the surveillance data of infant deaths in Wuxi from 2010 to 2017. Results　The infant mortality rate and neonatal mortality rate in Wuxi showed a decreasing trend from 2010 to 2017. Neonatal mortality rate within 7 days, infant and neonatal mortality rate of floating population decreased greatly, which declined 49.38%, 38.77% and 45.51%, respectively,  compared with those in 2010. The three main causes leading to infant death were premature or low birth weight, birth asphyxia, and congenital heart disease. Conclusion　Although the infant and neonatal mortality rate in Wuxi showed a declining trend from 2010 to 2017, it is still necessary to combine prevention and clinical health care, strengthen the construction of the third-level maternal and child health care network, and continue to explore more measures to continuously reduce infant mortality.

Objective　To reveal the relationship among learning motivation, self-esteem, and coping behavior of high school students, and explore whether coping behavior can be used as a mediator variable to influence the learning motivation and self-esteem and improve the mental health of high school students. Methods　A total of 1 237 high school students from Anhui Province were selected by convenience sampling method. Middle school students learning motivation scale (MSMS), Rosenberg's self-esteem scale (SES) and simplified coping style questionnaire (SCSQ) were used to measure. Results　The high school students' learning motivation was lower (6.98±3.41), the self-esteem (28.92±5.00) was higher, and the coping behavior (1.67±0.51) was mainly positive. The degree of learning motivation was negatively correlated with self-esteem and positive coping (t＝-0.31，t＝-0.19, P<0.001), and positively correlated with negative coping (t＝0.30，P<0.001). Self-esteem and positive response were positively correlated (t＝0.34, P<0.001), and negatively correlated with negative coping (t＝-0.20, P<0.001). Coping behavior played a partial mediating role in learning motivation and self-esteem. The mediating effects of positive coping and negative coping were -0.16 and -0.13, with effect sizes of 55% and 45%, respectively. Conclusion　Learning motivation can significantly predict the level of high school students' self-esteem, and coping style plays a part in mediating role in high school students' learning motivation and self-esteem.

Aggressive behavior refers a purposeful, intentional injury or an attempt to harm the psychological or physical condition of others and undermine other objectives. Children with intellectual disabilities are often associated with aggressive behavior. The latest research suggests that executive functions (EFs) relate closely with aggressive behavior. Compared with their healthy peers, intellectual disabilities children might be characterized by poor executive functions in terms of inhibitory control. Researches on brain mechanism find a close relationship between the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and aggressive behavior. Some intervention studies suggest that EFs training might have some advantages in reducing aggressive behavior; and therefore, to increase the validity of EFs training, inhibitory control training in particular, will be the focus of future research in order to provide efficient solutions to the aggressive behavior by combining other interventions.

Myopia is a significant public health problem worldwide, particularly in China. Despite the high-level attention from the top state leaders, the research results on the relationships between single phenomena and the incidence of myopia epidemic, and their accordingly universal warnings can hardly play its roles in practice for school-age students. The effective way to struggle with myopia is to diagnose students' individualized causes of myopia, then eliminate the risk factors from their environmental source of education and lifestyle, and finally provide precise treatment. It is really urgent to explore evidence-based implementation programs of China's myopia prevention and treatment by combining medicine treatments with education.