Objective To study the relationship between parenting ideas and retarded children's cognition of traffic signs. Methods Traffic sign cognition of 7-  to 15-yearold students with moderate mental retardation was studied by the experimental method. Meanwhile, psychological questionnaires were used to evaluate parents' parenting ideas. Results Traffic sign cognition of retarded children was at a low level, but it grew with age. Mothers' sense of education value was significantly higher than fathers. The parents' life expectation and the sense of education ability in families with three generations were lower than those in families with two generations. The cognition of traffic signs was positively related with parenting ideas. Parenting ideas could significantly predict retarded children's cognition of traffic signs. Conclusion Parenting ideas can affect retarded children's cognition of traffic signs.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of Qufeng Zhidong Decoction with drugs for relieving the depressed liver, invigorating spleen, and nourishing Yin in the treatment of tic disorder which has a master syndrome and three accompanying syndromes, in order to discuss the correlation of decoction-syndrome-effect. Methods Patients were randomly divided into treatment group (65 cases) and the corresponding treatment group (66 cases). The patients in the treatment group were divided into syndromes of regulating lung and liver with relieving the depressed liver, invigorating spleen and nourishing Yin. The patients in the corresponding treatment group were treated according to the core syndrome by regulating the function of the liver and the lung. The Chinese medicine symptoms, signs, and curative effect were evaluated in the tow groups in 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks. Results The total effective rates of the treatment group and the corresponding treatment group were 98% and 90%, respectively, and the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusion Qufeng Zhidong Decoction can significantly improve the symptoms and signs of tic disorder and has no toxic side effect. The total effective rate of the treatment group is slightly higher than the corresponding treatment group, but no significant differences were observed.

Objective To investigate adolescents' diet-related behaviors and risk factors in Shanghai. Methods Questionnaires were performed to get the information of dietary behaviors. A total of 90 schools in Shanghai were selected by stratified clustering sampling methods. Two classes were randomly selected in every school. Results A total of 20 651 students were selected from 90 schools in 17 districts in Shanghai, in which male students were 49.5% and female students were 50.5%. The qualified respondent's questionnaires were 99.2%. The mean age of respondents was (14.95±1.95) years. ① Dietary habits: in the past 7 days, 54.4% of the students did not drink milk every day, 49.5% of the students did not eat fruits every day, 25.9% of the students did not eat vegetables every day, and 2.9% of the students did not eat breakfast. ② Overweight/obesity-related behaviors: 23.7% of the students drank carbonated beverage every day, 18.7% of the students ate dessert frequently, and 6.1% of the students ate western fast food more than 3 days in a week. ③ Weight control behaviors: in the past 30 days, 32.1% of the students reduced the amount of food and calorie intake, and ate low fat food to lose weight, 8.7% of the students did not eat staple food to lose weight, 2.6% of the students chose fasting for a long time, and 1.4% of the students took weight-loss pills. Adolescents' diet-related behaviors in Shanghai were related to gender, parental educational level and whether the student was a boarder. Conclusion Overall, adolescents' dietary habits in Shanghai are healthy. Gender differences are found in behaviors which can lead to overweight/obesity, suggesting that gender differences should be taken into consideration when an intervention is conducted in the future.

Objective To compare and analyze the changes and characteristics of medication treatment for children with newly diagnosed ADHD between 2014 and 2015. Methods By comparing the diagnostic records and the drug administration records in the pharmacy, medication treatments for children with ADHD in Shanghai Children's Medical Center of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine between 2014 and 2015 were analyzed. Results In 2014, 2 069 cases of children with suspected ADHD were evaluated in our hospital and 1 292 cases were diagnosed as having ADHD. The diagnostic rate was 62.45%. In 2015, 2 268 cases of suspected ADHD were evaluated and 1 510 cases were diagnosed as having ADHD. The diagnostic rate was 66.58%. The diagnostic rate was more significantly increased in 2015 than that in 2014 (P<0.05). Stratified by gender and age, we found that the number of medication treatment for boys aged 6-9 years old in 2015 increased more significantly than that in 2014 (P<0.05). Compared with other age groups, the proportion of medicine treatment for children of 6-9 years old was the highest (P<0.01). Conclusion In 2015, the ADHD diagnosis rate increased significantly compared with 2014, which may be related to the promotion of partnership between medicine and education. Children of 6-9 years old with ADHD have the highest proportion of medication treatment.

Objective A mediation model was examined, in which body satisfaction mediated the relations between exercise frequency and psychological adjustment. Methods Using the body-esteem scale, Illinois loneliness questionnaire and self-perception profile for children, 372 students from different universities in Shanghai were investigated. Results ① The interaction between exercise frequency and body shape on physical attractiveness and physical condition was significant. The main effect of exercise frequency and body shape on weight concern was significant. ② The interaction between exercise frequency and body shape on self-esteem was significant. The main effect of exercise frequency and body shape on loneliness was significant. ③ Body satisfaction partially mediated relations between exercise frequency and psychological adjustment. Conclusion Exercise frequency not only shows direct impact on psychological adjustment, but also has indirect impact through the body satisfaction. The result generally supports the model of exercise and self-esteem. It also provides a theoretical basis to improve the psychological adjustment of university students.

Objective To realize the prevalence and main reasons of illness-induced absenteeism among elementary and middle school students in Shanghai during 2014-2015 academic year, so as to provide evidence for effective intervention measures. Methods Illness-induced absenteeism information was collected through surveillance system. Statistical description methods were used for describing the prevalence characteristics of absenteeism, and Chi-square tests was used for comparing gender and age differences of absenteeism rate. Results The illness-induced absenteeism rate during 2014-2015 academic year was 0.31%.  A total of 422 469 person-time were absent from school. The absenteeism rate was highest in winter, and boys and elementary students were more likely to be absent from schools. Most absenteeism were because of symptoms (90.76%), and fever and respiratory symptom were the main symptoms. And 2.70%, 1.54% and 5.00% were because of infectious diseases, injuries and other diseases. Reasons for absenteeism were significantly different between gender and school stages. Conclusion The illness-induced absenteeism surveillance system plays an important role in school health management. It is meaningful to exploit

the absenteeism information, to observe the absenteeism trends, and to complete warning system of infectious diseases.

Educational neuroscience is subject accumulation of education science and cognitive neuroscience. It is a new branch of them. The birth of educational neuroscience has blurred the boundaries of the humanities, social sciences and natural sciences. To advance the development of China's educational neuroscience research, it is necessary to show clearly the development direction and the existing body of research. At the same time，it needs to train a crop of specialists with the knowledge of education, education research and practice experience. Then they master the cognitive neural science basic principle and research method of the research team. In this way, it promotes educational neuroscience to flourish in China.