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2014 Vol. 2, No. 4
Published: 2014-12-30
Review
Article
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203
On the advancement of science education and national quality
To Cho Yee
Throughout the world educators and parents desire that their children excel in mathematics and science. National leaders view mathematics and science achievements of their citizens as a measure of their individual country’s competitiveness. Scoring high in mathematics and science examinations has become an end in itself and a source of national pride. The author indicates in this essay that this standard fails to fulfill the mission of science and mathematics education. A higher examination score may give the student better opportunities for advanced education and employment and may increase his ability to perform technical tasks. However the pursuit of high test scores as the ultimate goal of science education has in fact limited the role of science education. The author suggests that science education could and should，in addition to teaching knowledge and technical skills，set a higher goal of introducing the learner to the history of scientific discovery and invention，to the method of scientific inquiry，and to the habit of reflective thinking. Through this means，future generations would be educated to be more objective and intelligent and less biased and prejudiced，and thus more competent，creative and ethical.
2014 Vol. 2 (4): 203- [
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208
Memorisation enhancement and language learning improvement—a clinical experiment
Albert So，Trevor Leutscher，Rose Wong
Language acquisition relies on memorisation of vocabulary，phrases，idioms，and pronunciations；therefore，enhancing the efficiency of memorisation is crucial to improve language learning. How（by what means）and when（at what age）memorisation should be systematically carried out，are the two important questions to be addressed. This study focuses on the first question，identifying the most efficient ways through verification by clinical experiments. One hundred and seventy-two subjects were selected from Hong Kong schools to participate in a series of language experiments and tests on memorising rhymed materials. Subjects were trained in similar classroom settings by using three different methods of repetition，i.e.，monotone reading，choral reading，and singing，in memorising Chinese and English poems. The results were compared and analyzed with two sets of neurological data obtained from electroencephalograms and functional magnetic resonance imaging scans under different experimental paradigms. It was found that the best approach to learn the mother tongue is different from that for the learning of a second language. The implication is that the first language and the second language might have to be taught and learned differently.
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Overweight and obesity in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder—a Meta analysis
KONG Kaimeng，ZHANG Lulu，TAO Yexuan
Objective
To analyse the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder，and investigate its difference with normal individuals.
Methods
The database of Wanfang，VIP，CNKI，CBM，PubMed，ISI Web of Knowledge and Medline were utilized to search the literature with the established criteria. The included literature was evaluated by the cross-section study quality assessment criteria recommended by Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality（AHRQ），and was analysed with Rev-Man 5.1 software.
Results
With the number of overweight as an outcome indicator，I2 = 87%，OR = 2.00，95%CI 1.05 - 3.83，P = 0.04，and the prevalence of overweight in children and adolescents with ADHD was higher than that in normal ones. With the number of obesity as an outcome indicator and quantitative analysis of the 10 included literature，I2 = 87%，OR = 1.69，95%CI 1.00 - 2.84，P = 0.05，and there was no significant difference in the prevalence of obesity between children and adolescents with ADHD and normal individuals. With the number of obesity and overweight as outcome indicator and stratification by different ADHD types，there was no significant difference in the prevalence of obesity and overweight between children and adolescents with ADHD of hyperactivity/impulsion type and normal individuals（I2 = 9%，OR = 0.95，95%CI 0.58 - 1.57，P = 0.85），and there were significant differences in the prevalence of obesity and overweight between children and adolescents with ADHD of attention disorder type and combination type and normal individuals（OR = 2.28，95%CI 1.67 - 3.12，P ＜ 0.000 01；OR = 1.71，95%CI 1.21 - 2.41，P = 0.002）.
Conclusion
The prevalence of overweight in children and adolescents with ADHD is higher than that in normal individuals，while there is no significant difference in the prevalence of obesity between them. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in ADHD of attention disorder type and combination type，the prevalence of overweight in male ADHD patients and that of ADHD patients selected from overall population are higher than that of normal individuals without ADHD.
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Using the concept of Health Promoting School as new initiatives for school based management to promote healthy educational environments：the Hong Kong Healthy Schools Award Scheme
Albert Lee
There is abundant evidence to demonstrate that the health of children and adolescents constitutes a major factor affecting their capacity to learn. The school environment has a direct impact on the self-esteem，educational achievement，and health of pupils and staff. The Center for Health Education and Health Promotion（CHEP）initiated the Health Promoting School programme in Hong Kong in 1998 by launching a training course，and then developed the Hong Kong Healthy Schools Award Scheme，which provided a structured framework for the development of a system of monitoring progress and recognition of achievement. The programme and Scheme cover six key areas，including health policy，physical and social environments，community relationships，personal health skills and health services，all being adapted from the World Health Organization’s Guidelines. Each key area has a number of components covering school-based changes and initiatives，and the involvement of parents，school management committees and community，as well as teacher training. The CHEP has developed a set of indicators for each key area and an evaluation framework to measure the success.
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Illustration of“somatic marker hypothesis”by diagrams——Seigow Matsuoka’s decipherment of R.Damasi’s
The Feeling of What Happens
FANG Mingsheng
Relating to lots of brain science’s concepts，R.Damasi’s“somatic marker hypothesis”is quite difficult to understand. The paper elaborates the explanation of The Feeling of What Happens by Japanese editing engineer Seigow Matsuoka. Through the character of“editing self ”and somatic marker hypothesis，and the basic contents of“proto self ”，“core consciousness”and“extended consciousness”，the paper intends to understand the actual meaning of“somatic marker hypothesis”by illustration.
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Student motivation，learning strategies and performance
Yi-Guang Lin，Wilbert J. McKeachie
Objective
To determtine how class attendance，learning strategies，and motivation relate to performance in college courses.
Methods
Scores on the scales of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire（MSLQ）and class attendance were correlated with course grades in a Learning to Learn course in psychology and in courses in introductory biology，English，psychology and sociology.
Results and Conclusion
The best predictor of course grades was class attendance. Adapting ones learning strategies to instructor’s style also results in higher grades，but effective learning strategies did not compensate for poor attendance.
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248
The electronic products use in preschool children
PAN Meirong，ZHANG Jinsong
Digital technology use is quite popular among children as a result of its booming development. With the revolution of digital technology with touch-screen，the use of electronic products is more and more popular and there exists a higher rate of the owners among the younger age children. To some extent，digital games，as one of the major styles of kid’s play，almost take the place of traditional ways of play and change the child’s mode in social contacts as well. Excessive exposure to digital technology use is deemed to have important influences on all aspects of physical and psychological development of children since preschool age is such an important stage for children’s growth and development. Parents play an irreplaceable part in preschool education. Their behavior and custom can be unconsciously copied or imitated by their children. In this article，the authors mainly discuss the effect of digital technology，especially the touch-screen technology on preschool children. Also，the authors talk about the family’s influence and provide sugges-tions for a satisfied preschool education.
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