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2024 Vol. 12, No. 6
Published: 2024-11-30
Review
Article
Article
421
Reliability and validity analysis of parental version of childhood autism rating scale
LI Yicheng, HUO Yanyan, ZHANG Yuanyuan, QIU Xiaoyan, MA Chenhuan, YIN Anxin, LIU Qiaoyun, WANG Jian, LUO Jieming, LI Tianshu, XU Jing, ZHOU Jie, WANG Yan, TAO Bingtong, MENG Fanping, WANG Yu
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2024.06.001
Objective
To examine the reliability and validity of the parent version of the childhood autism ratingscale (CARS).
Methods
In 3 districts of Shanghai, 319 children and their parents were recruited and randomly selected to participate in the study. Based on group discussion and Delphi expert inquiry method, the original version of CARS was annotated to make it easy to understand and suitable to fill out for parents, forming the parent version of CARS. After attending two online classes, parents filled out the scale according to their children’s daily performance and completed an online assessment. The discriminant validity, structural validity, criterion-related validity, homogeneity reliability, test-retest reliability, and inter-rater reliability of the scale were statistically tested.
Results
The item range of discriminant validity for the 15 items of the parent version of CARS was 0.588-0.801. Exploratory factor analysis showed a KMO value of 0.788 and a Bartlett’s sphere test with P<0.001. After extracting 4 common factors, the cumulative variance contribution rate was 61.74%, and the factor loading of each item was 0.443-0.801. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the 4-factor model (χ
2
/df=2.834, RMSEA=0.107, GFI=0.842, CFI=0.814, AGFI=0.774, IFI=0.818, TLI=0.767). The criterion-related validity of the scale was 0.41, 0.69, and 0.43 (P<0.01) when compared to the modified checklist for autism in toddlers (M-CHAT), autism behavior checklist (ABC), and autism diagnostic observation schedule (ADOS). The Cronbach’s α coefficient, split-half reliability, test-retest reliability, and inter-rater reliability of the scale were 0.91, 0.90, 0.81, and 0.71, respectively.
Conclusion
The parent version of CARS meets the measurement standards and demonstrates good reliability and validity, making it suitable for early home screening of children with autism spectrum disorder.
2024 Vol. 12 (6): 421- [
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427
Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on core symptoms and brain functional connectivity in children with autism spectrum disorder
WANG Jing, LIU Yun, HUANG Haoyu, WU Jinting, ZHANG Yangping, WANG Wenjuan, LIU Chunming
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2024.06.002
Objective
To investigate the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation（rTMS）on coresymptoms and brain functional connectivity in children with autism spectrum disorder（ASD）.
Methods
Sixty-five ASD children were randomly divided into a control group and an observation group. The control group received conventional rehabilitation treatment, while the observation group underwent conventional rehabilitation combined with rTMS treatment. Before and after treatment, the autism behavior checklist（ABC）and childhood autism rating scale（CARS）were used to evaluate the core symptoms of ASD. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy（fNIRS）technology was used to detect changes in blood oxygen concentration in the prefrontal cortex, and resting-state functional connectivity（RSFC）of the region of interest （ROI）was analyzed.
Results
After treatment, the ABC and CARS scores of both groups significantly decreased compared to those before treatment（P<0.05）, with the observation group showing a more significant decrease（P<0.05）. The fNIRS testing revealed that the RSFC within and between the ROI of ASD children in the observation group was higher than that in the control group after treatment. Among them, there were significant differences in the RSFC within the left and right prefrontal cortex, as well as between the left and right prefrontal lobes and between the left temporal lobe and the left anterior and middle frontal lobes（P<0.05）.
Conclusion
rTMS can effectively improve the core symptoms and brain functional connectivity of children with ASD.
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432
Preliminary application of cyberbullying questionnaire among Chinese university students
ZHANG Yali, YAN Yajing, CAI Xiaoyi, WANG Meng
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2024.06.003
Objective
To investigate the reliability and validity of the cyberbullying questionnaire, and explore the incidence of cyberbullying among university students.
Methods
Three groups of university students were investigated. In group 1, there were 1 182 valid participants. They were tested by using the cyberbullying questionnaire. The item analysis and exploratory factor analysis were conducted on the relevant data. In group 2, there were 2 624 valid participants. They were tested by using the cyberbullying questionnaire, anger scale, and social networks use scale. The reliability and validity of the questionnaires were evaluated, and the incidence of cyberbullying was analyzed. In group 3, there were 124 validparticipants. They were tested twice by using the cyberbullying questionnaire（with an interval of 1 month）. The test-retest reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated.
Results
Each item of the cyberbullying questionnaire demonstrated good discrimination, and the single-factor fitting effect was good（χ
2
/df=5.53, RMSEA=0.07, CFI=0.98, TLI=0.96）, with a cumulative variance explanation rate of 61.20%. The Cronbach’s α coefficient and test-retest reliability of the questionnaire were 0.83 and 0.65 , respectively. There were significantly positive correlations between the total scores of cyberbullyingand anger（r=0.37, P<0.01）and social networks use scales（r=0.52, P<0.01）. The incidence of cyberbullying among the participants was 32.93%, with higher rates among boys, third-year students, only children, and students from urban areas.
Conclusion
The cyberbullying questionnaire has good reliability and validity, and can be used to measure the cyberbullying behavior among Chinese university students. The cyberbullying behavior among university students is widespread and may be related to gender, grade level, whether they are only child in a family, and their place of origin.
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437
Practice and reflections on construction of early childhood development bases in Pudong New Area, Shanghai
ZHANG Lishan, JIN Xingming, XU Lei, SHI Junyao
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2024.06.004
Objective
To establish the early childhood development bases in Pudong New Area to support the promotion of early childhood development work.
Methods
In 2019 , 4 hospitals in Pudong New Area adopted the “1 + 4 +X+Y”model to build early childhood development bases. The hospitals provided integrated early childhood development services, including early monitoring, screening, promoting appropriate technologies, and conducting health education.
Results
Through the establishment of these bases, the professional skills and service capabilities of community child health care workers were improved. The systematic management rate of children under 3 years old exceeded that of the control center, and the detection rates of malnutrition and anemia in children under 5 years old were lower than those in the control center. The acceptance of concepts of early childhood development was higher in the caregivers compared with before.
Conclusion
The establishment of early childhood development bases based on the Pudong model can extend parenting and caregiving practices to the community, reduce the risk of children’s growth and development disorders, and enhance the parenting philosophy of caregivers. This model is worth promotion in other regions.
2024 Vol. 12 (6): 437- [
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443
Impact of reward-guided attention on visual working memory in children with hearing impairment
WANG Jingxin, DU Liying, MENG Xiaojuan, SUN Yanchao, ZHANG Dexiang, LIU Xiaoqin
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2024.06.005
Objective
To explore whether there is a reward value effect in children with hearing impairment, and examine the impact of reward-guided attention on visual working memory in these children.
Methods
Thirty children with hearing impairment and 30 normal children were selected as participants. The change perception task paradigms, including sequential presentation and overall presentation, were used to analyze changes in recall accuracy and reaction time under different reward guidance.
Results
In the sequential presentation of memory items, the main effect of series position onrecall accuracy was significant（P<0.001）, with item recall accuracy at position 4 being higher than those at positions 1, 2, and 3, and item recall accuracy at position 3 being higher than those at positions 1 and 2. The interaction betweenreward types and series positions during recall reaction was significant（P=0.009）. When the rewards were the same, the recall reaction time at position 4 was shorter than that at position 3. When the rewards were different, the recall reaction time at positions 3 and 4 was shorter than that at position 1. In the overall presentation of memory items, the main effect of recall accuracy for different types of subjects was marginally significant（P=0.069）, and the recall accuracy of children with hearing impairment was lower than that of normal children. The main effect of participant type on recall reaction time was marginally significant（P=0.099）, and children with hearing impairment had more recall reaction time than normal children.
Conclusion
Both children with hearing impairment and normal children exhibit a recency effect, but neither group shows a reward value effect.
2024 Vol. 12 (6): 443- [
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Preliminary evaluation of backup planning propensity scale
LIN Yajuan, YANG Haibo
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2024.06.006
Objective
To develop a backup planning propensity scale, and explore the characteristics of backup planning behavior among university students.
Methods
In the qualitative research, grounded theory and text analysis method were used to conduct three-level coding on 236 open-ended questionnaire responses to explore the structural characteristics of backup planning. The backup planning propensity scale was established by using quantitative analysis, and the reliability and validity of the scale were tested on 594 university students.
Results
In the qualitative research, backup planning included four dimensions: influencing, making plan, reserving plan, and replacing plan. During the making plan stage, university students generally paid more attention to the benefits of backup planning and less considered the adverse effects of using backup planning on target performance. Exploratory factor analysis confirmed that the newly constructed scale consisted of four factor structures: making plan, adverse effects, favorable influence, and replacing behavior. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the model fit well, with Cronbach’s α coefficients of 0.757, 0.832, 0.771 and 0.583, respectively. The scores of each factor in the backup planning propensity scale were significantly positively correlated with the total score of the backup planning scale and the score of the general self-efficacy scale.
Conclusion
The backup planning propensity scale in this study has good reliability and validity, which can provide reference for research in the field of task management.
2024 Vol. 12 (6): 448- [
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Levels of anxiety and stress and influencing factors among arts and science major university students under stress state
GONG Jingtian, ZHANG Yan
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2024.06.007
Objective
To explore the levels of anxiety and stress and their influencing factors among university students of different majors under stress.
Methods
An online questionnaire survey was conducted in April 2022 on students majoring in interpreting and medicine in Shanghai to obtain demographic characteristics and health behaviors, and assess their levels of anxiety and stress by using standard scales. A total of 261 valid questionnaires were obtained. Multiple linear regression and binary Logistic regression were used to analyze the relationship between health behaviors, anxiety, and stress among the university students.
Results
Among the university students majoring in interpreting and medicine, 17.4% and 19.4% experienced anxiety, while 51.5% and 55.8% were in a state of stress, respectively. The anxiety status of students in both majors wassignificantly correlated with sleep quality（interpreting major: β=-7.32, P<0.001; medicine major: β=-9.15, P<0.001）. For students majoring in interpreting, those who met the World Health Organization’s recommended weekly exercise levels and had shorter screen time outside of work had lower levels of anxiety（β=-5.63, P<0.01; β=0.01, P<0.05）. For students majoring in medicine, those with shorter sedentary time each day had lower levels of anxiety（β=1.002, P<0.05）, while those who had better sleep quality had lower levels of stress（β=-2.06, P<0.05）.
Conclusion
Students of different majors exhibit similar anxiety and stress levels under stress state, but the influencing factors vary. Targeted health behavior interventions should be carried out for students of different majors to reduce their anxiety and stress levels and promote their mental health.
2024 Vol. 12 (6): 454- [
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Impact of social anxiety on smartphone social media addiction: mediating role of loneliness
ZHAO Xinwei, JIA Liping, SUN Hongwei
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2024.06.008
Objective
To investigate the impact of university students’ social anxiety on smartphone social media addiction, and explore the mediating role of loneliness.
Methods
A random sampling method was used to conduct a questionnaire survey on 494 students from a university in Shandong Province. The Bergen social media addiction scale, social anxiety subscale of the self-awareness scale, and UCLA loneliness scale were used for measurement. A total of 463 valid questionnaires were collected. The relevant data were statistically analyzed.
Results
Social anxiety was significantly positively correlated with loneliness and smartphone social media addiction, as well as their various dimensions. Loneliness was significantly positively correlated with smartphone social media addiction and most of its dimensions. The results of the mediation regression analysis showed that social anxiety had a significant direct predictive effect on smartphone social media addiction（β=0.35, P<0.001）, and the predictive effect remained significant after adding the mediator variable of loneliness（β=0.30, P<0.001）. The predictive effect of social anxiety on loneliness was significant（β=0.44, P<0.001）, and the predictive effect of loneliness on smartphone social media addiction was significant（β=0.13, P<0.01）. The mediation effect test results of Bootstrap sampling method showed that social anxiety had a significant direct effect onsmartphone social media addiction, with an effect size of 0.99（95% CI: 0.66-1.31）, accounting for 84.03% of the total effect size. The mediating effect of loneliness between social anxiety and smartphone social media addiction was significant, with an effect size of 0.19（95% CI: 0.03-0.35）, accounting for 15.97 % of the total effect size.
Conclusion
Social anxiety directly affects smartphone social media addiction tendency and has an indirect effect on this tendency through the mediation effect of loneliness.
2024 Vol. 12 (6): 459- [
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Relationship between state boredom and internet addiction of university students: mediating role of rumination and moderating effect of trait hope
ZHANG Yifan, SONG Jiao, WANG Jingyuan, LI Xiang, PAN Guanghua
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2024.06.009
Objective
To explore the effect of state boredom on internet addiction, the mediating role of rumination, and the moderating effect of trait hope based on boredom feedback model and risk buffering hypothesis.
Methods
A questionnaire survey was conducted on 550 students in a university in Shandong Province by using the multidimensional state boredom scale, ruminative responses scale, adult trait hope scale, and Chinese internet addiction scale. A total of 481 valid questionnaires were collected. The relevant data were statistically analyzed.
Results
State boredom and rumination were significantly positively correlated with internet addiction, and state boredom was significantly negatively correlated with trait hope. Rumination played a partial mediating role between state boredom and internet addiction. The mediating role of rumination was moderated by trait hope. In situations where trait hope was low, boredom had positively predictive effect on rumination.
Conclusion
State boredom aggravates rumination and enhances the risk of internet addiction. The predictive effect of state boredom on rumination intensifies with the decrease of trait hope. High-hope bored individuals are less likely to fall into rumination and thus have a lower risk of internet addiction.
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Relationship between sense of meaning in life and smartphone addiction: roles of boredom proneness and sensation seeking
LI Xiang, YU Chengjuan, YANG Qian, ZHANG Yifan, LIU Shufang, CHEN Gongxiang
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2024.06.010
Objective
To explore the relationship between sense of meaning in life and university students’ propensity for smartphone addiction, and investigate the roles of boredom proneness and sensation seeking in this relationship.
Methods
A total of 543 university students were enrolled in the study. Meaning in life scale, brief boredom proneness scale, Chinese version of brief sensation seeking scale, and samrtphone addiction index scale were used, and the relevant data were statistically analyzed.
Results
Propensity for smartphone addiction was significantly negatively correlated with sense of meaning in life, but significantly positively correlated with the external stimulus dimensions of sensation seeking and boredom proneness. Sense of meaning in life significantly negatively predicted propensity for smartphone addiction. The external stimulus dimension of boredom proneness partially mediated the relationship between sense of meaning in life and propensity for smartphone addiction, and sensation seeking had a moderating effect on the mediating effect. The mediating effect was more significant among university students with lower levels of sensation seeking.
Conclusion
The sense of meaning in life is crucial for preventing smartphone addiction among university students. This protective effect is partially mediated by external stimulus dimension of boredom proneness, and sensation seeking has a moderating effect in this process.
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Analysis of iodine nutrition monitoring results of pregnant women in Hongkou District, Shanghai
LIU Tiantian, QI Deyun, LU Junying
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2024.06.011
Objective
To monitor and analyze salt iodine content and urinary iodine levels among pregnant women in Hongkou District, Shanghai, and provide a basis for scientific iodine supplement for pregnant women.
Methods
From 2019 to 2021 , a total of 450 pregnant women were selected by a stratified random sampling method in Hongkou District, Shanghai. Salt samples of families and random urine samples of pregnant women were collected on a certain day, and the levels of salt iodine and urinary iodine were tested to analyze iodine nutrition levels.
Results
A total of 450 pregnant women’s home salt samples were tested. The coverage rates of iodized salt from 2019 to 2021 were 66.7%, 57.3% and 58.0%, respectively. Consumption rates of qualified iodized salt were 47.3%, 46.0%, and 46.7%, respectively. A total of 450 random urine samples from pregnant women were tested. The overall median urinary iodine level was 149.0 μg/L. Among the pregnant women, 26.4% were in an iodine-appropriate state and 50.4% were in an iodine-deficient state. There was no statistically significant difference in the distribution of iodine nutrition levels among pregnant women during different stages of pregnancy （P>0.05）.
Conclusion
The iodine nutritional status of pregnant women in Hongkou District, Shanghai, is insufficient. We should increase the promotion and popularization of iodized salt among pregnant women, carry out a series of targeted education activities, and continuously improve the coverage rate of iodized salt and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt.
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Relationship between emotional complexity and wise reasoning in university students: chain mediating roles of empathy and forgiveness
XU Xin, LU Zifan, LI Caiyuan, HE Yimei, ZENG Yu
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2024.06.012
Objective
To explore the relationship between emotional complexity and wise reasoning in university students, and investigate the mediating roles of empathy and forgiveness.
Methods
A total of 503 university students were tested with the range and differentiation of emotional experience scale, Hearland forgiveness scale, interpersonal reactivity index, and situated wise reasoning scale. The relevant data were statistically analyzed.
Results
There were significantly positive correlations between emotional complexity, empathy, forgiveness and wise reasoning in university students. Empathy and forgiveness had independent partial mediating effects between emotional complexity and wise reasoning, and produced a chain mediation effect through the path of emotional complexity→empathy→forgiveness→wise reasoning.
Conclusion
Emotional complexity can directly predict wise reasoning among university students. Individuals with higher emotional complexity demonstrate stronger empathy and forgiveness abilities, which in turn promote their wise reasoning.
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Review
487
Advances in multimodal magnetic resonance imaging of children with tic disorder
YAO Xuan, YU Jingru, SU Jiateng, XIAO Gong, HAO Juanjuan
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2024.06.013
Tic disorder is a neuropsychiatric disease in children. Its incidence rate is rising, but its pathogenesis and mechanism are not yet clear. Currently, research methods for this disease are limited and there is an urgent need to introduce more comprehensive biological detection methods. Although research on magnetic resonance imaging of tic disorder has been reported, the conclusions are still inconsistent and mostly focused on single imaging studies. Multimodal magnetic resonance imaging technology, serving as an objective and reliable research tool, can non-invasively obtain information on the structure and functional connectivity of the human brain, making it possible to construct and describe brain network connections, and providing a new perspective for exploring the pathological mechanisms of tic disorder. This paper reviews the application of radiomics based on multimodal magnetic resonance imaging in the study of tic disorder, aiming to provide reference for the pathological mechanism research of tic disorder.
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