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2017 Vol. 5, No. 1
Published: 2017-03-30
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1
Investigation to decline of science score of Chinese students in PISA 2015
ZHANG Hongxia, WAN Dongsheng, XUE Yiting
DOI: doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2017.01.001
The measurement results of PISA 2015 of Chinese students showed that despite of the relatively high enjoyment level in science learning they had, it largely came from extrinsic motivation, and the students' self-efficacy was also very low. The data also revealed that Chinese students spent much time on science curriculum, but they had little opportunity to publish and communicate their findings in schools. So their epistemic knowledge and procedural knowledge were weaker than content knowledge and their abilities of design and evaluation on scientific inquiry were weaker than those of explanation of phenomena. In addition, Chinese students lacked environmental awareness and global perspective. These problems, on one hand, are closely related to the conditions of lack of teachers and too large class scale, and may be also related to the early industrialization state of the nation which relies on natural resource neglecting environmental issues. On the other hand, the problems may be also related to the cultural tradition. Therefore, Chinese science education reform will be a long march. We should study the unique scientific cognitive development process of Chinese students as well as their teachers, on which the curriculum design and teacher training should follow in a progressive way instead of leapfrog movement.
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Comparison and insight of mathematical literacy of Chinese students under global vision: from evidence analysis of PISA data
Lü Linhai
DOI: doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2017.01.002
The key of Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) mathematics is the students' mathematical literacy, especially focusing on students abstract-thinking ability. Through the analysis of PISA scores of 2012 and 2015, we can get the following findings. ① Whether the whole literacy or higher level literacy, Chinese students stand at the leading statue. ② Chinese students' performance declined in recent 3 years, especially in the highest level literacy performance. ③ The performance of the whole world are keeping stable. Based on the above findings, we put forward the following insights. Firstly, we should recognize the leading position of Chinese math education all over the world, and we also should have faith in the traditional teaching methods in China, even maintaining its advantages. Secondly, we should be cautious of the decline of the Chinese performance, looking for the reasons of decline, and drawing on the experience of Shanghai. Thirdly, deeply thinking on the success of East Asia students, digging on the cultural mechanism imbedding in the education, restoring the original and rich picture of East Asia education are necessary.
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Analysis of achievements of Chinese students in PISA 2015 from global and domestic perspectives
LI Minyi, GUAN Yanan
DOI: doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2017.01.003
In Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2015, the score of Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Guangdong, China (B-S-J-G, China) ranked 10th, whose reading, mathematics, and science scores sharply decreased. This paper firstly highlights excellence and equity in education in B-S-J-G (China) based on some key indicators from selectes educational systems, which still endorses huge potentials in Chinese education. However, from domestic perspective, this paper deeply analyzes the huge gap within B-S-J-G (China), which has also shaped the sample characteristics and might partly explain the cause of failing. In the final part, this paper also try to discuss some policies and suggestions from PISA 2015.
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Impacts of elevated blood lead level on children's hyperactivity/impulsivity
LIN Yanfen, XU Jian
DOI: doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2017.01.004
Objective
To investigate the effect of elevated blood lead levels on children's behaviors.
Methods
A total of 88 children with blood lead level ≥ 100 μg/Lwere recruited as the lead exposure group and the control group, respectively. Administrated questionaires were used to collect the socio-demographic characteristics and lead exposure sources of subjects. Child Behavior Rating Scale was used to evaluate the conduct problems, learning problems, psychosomatic disorder, impulsivity-hyperactivity, anxiety, and hyperactivity index in both groups. Multivariable binary logistic regression models were used to associate blood lead and children's behaviors.
Results
Maternal education level and family yearly income were higher in the control group than in the exposure group. Compared with the control group, the exposure group had higher risks of behavioral problems in the domains of impulsivity-hyperactivity (OR=2.9; 95% CI: 1.1, 8.0; P=0.035) and hyperactivity index (OR=2.9; 95% CI: 1.1, 7.9; P=0.037).
Conclusion
High levels of lead have an adverse effect on child hyperactivity/impulsivity behaviors. Effevtive measurements are required to ensure the healthy growth of children.
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Prevalence of behavioral problems and related factors among preschoolers
JIANG Hui，YI Yuanyuan，SHEN Lixiao，ZHANG CHEN Shen，HUANG ying，Jinsong，XU Jing，YANG Huiping
DOI: doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2017.01.005
Objective
To explore the prevalence of behavioral problems among preschoolers and discuss the related factors which lead to psychological and behavioral problems.
Methods
With cluster random sampling, the questionnaires, including Achenbach's child behavior checklist (CBCL), behavior style questionnaire (BSQ) and other self-made questionnaire, were used to analyze the behavioral problems and related factors of 1 824 children who aged between 4 and 6 years from 10 kindergartens of Yangpu District in Shanghai.
Results
The prevalence rate of behavioral problems in the study population was 26.42%, with the rates of 30.39% and 22.11% in the boys and girls, respectively. There was statistically significant difference between them. The first three behavioral problems in the boys were sexual problems, schizoidia, and discipline violation, while those in the girls were obesity, sexual problems, and hyperactivity. High maternal age, the only child, an outgoing father, harmonious family relationship, and easy characteristics type were found to be protective factors in the multivariate Logistic regression. On the other hand, boys, with medical history, chronic somatic disease, traumatic experiences, eating snacks twice or three times per day, a drinking mother, a mother with high school and above diploma, and hard characteristics type were found to be risk factors.
Conclusion
The study suggests that the incidence of preschool children's behavioral and emotional problems is high, and moreover, the major problem is sexual problems. Preschool children are easily influenced by themselves and their family related factors. The tertiary prevention work of health education and mental health on children with mental health problems should be strengthened.
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Split effects of information represented in foveal vision: evidence from pictophonetic characters
GAO Fei
DOI: doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2017.01.006
Objective
To explore the representation of information in foveal vision split at the midline between the two hemispheres or bilaterally represented by overlapping projections of the fovea in each hemisphere.
Methods
The experiment adopts lexical decision task. Pictophonetic characters (pseudowords) are presented to the left or right of fixation, either close to fixation entirely within foveal vision (<1°), or further from fixation entirely within extrafoveal vision (>3°). Eye movements were recorded with an eye tracking device, which monitored participants' fixation location.
Results
① A left visual field condition (LVF)/right hemisphere (RH) advantage effect is found for phonetic-semantic characters (PS) and semantic-phonetic characters (SP) in foveal vision and extrafoveal vision. Pictophonetic characters presented to the left side of fixation are recognized more quickly and accurately. ② As the eccentric angles of fixation increasing, the LVF/RH advantage effect of PS characters does not disappear. ③ Under the right visual field condition (RVF), the processing in SP characters recognition is superior to that in PS characters recognition. The error rates of PS characters are lower than SP characters in the LVF.
Conclusion
The findings indicate a precise split at the vertical midline of each fovea, where all visual information from the left or right of fixation is separately projected to the contralateral hemisphere. Furthermore, the position of phonetic components may influence how written pictophonetic characters are processed in the hemisphere.
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Analysis of clinical features of infectious mononucleosis with different age children
WANG Xiaopeng, JIAO Yangyang, CHEN Ling, WU Liangxia, ZHANG Jianhua
DOI: doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2017.01.007
Objective
To investigate clinical characteristics of infectious mononucleosis (IM) in children and their relation with the onset ages.
Methods
From January 2009 to December 2013, 268 cases of IM children by age stages were divided into 4 groups: baby group (≤1 year old), childrens group (≤3 years old), preschool group (≤6 years old), and school age group (>6 years old), and were retrospectively analyzed.
Results
The onset peak was for preschool, and early childhood also accounted for considerable proportion. Fever, lymphnoditis, tonsil effusion, and eyelid edema were found mainly in the older children, and skin rashes were found mainly in younger children with statistical significances (P＜0.05). Hepatomegaly rate of children's group was lower than those of preschool and baby groups, and the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05). There were no statistical significances in splenomegaly, thrombocytopenia, and liver function damage rates among all age groups (P＞0.05). Anemia and myocardial damage occurred mainly in younger children, and the differences were statistically significant (P＜0.05). Abnormal lymphocyte ratio increased with the increase of age. Except baby group, along with the age increasing, CD4+ T cells decreased and CD8+ T cells increased in other groups.
Conclusion
The clinical features of childhood IM are associated with the age, which needs to be taken into consideration in order to improve the diagnosis of IM.
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Recent advances in etiological study of primary nocturnal enuresis
ZHANG Anyi, MA Jun
DOI: doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2017.01.008
Primary nocturnal enuresis(PNE) is a kind of disease that when a child's age and mental age is over five, he or she still could not wake up to void in the night, and urinate on the bed at last. It is associated with many physical and mental diseases, and damages the child's physical and mental health seriously. In recent years, the prevalence of PNE is climbing high, and the studies about the etiology of PNE are becoming more and more. Recently, the major etiological viewpoints are: heredity, reversed anti-diuretic hormone circadian rhythm, bladder dysfunction, co-sleeping, deep sleep, abnormal central nervous system, psychological factors, and so on. Meanwhile, PNE is also related to the environmental factors, so PNE is caused by a lot of factors, which acted in common.
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Effects of poverty on structure and function of brain and educational intervention
WANG Dandan，ZHOU Jiaxian
DOI: doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4301.2017.01.009
Poverty is still a serious problem in China and all over the world. Previous researches show that poverty has a serious impact on the physical and mental health, emotion, and cognition of poor people. With the development of brain imaging technology, researchers have made a deep study of the relationship between poverty and brain development. They found that poverty influences the development of the individual brain, including frontal lobe, temporal lobe, hippocampus, amygdale, and cingulate. This paper aims to explore the mechanism underlying the impact of poverty on the brain development, and design appropriate intervention to facilitate the development of the poor people.
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