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2014 Vol. 2, No. 2
Published: 2014-06-30
Article
Article
69
Cross-cultural perspective of children’s social cognitive development
LIU Buyun;JING Jin
Cultural factors play an important role in children’s cognitive development. There are significant differences in cognitive abilities，especially senior social cognitive abilities among children with different cultural back-grounds. Sometimes they may exhibit opposite characteristics. These differences are reflected in many aspects，such as velocity of cognitive development，order of cognitive development，acquisition of ability and ways of thinking. Cultural neuroscience，which investigates the bilateral relationship between culture and brain，has confirmed that culture“shapes”the brain. Cross-cultural perspective not only helps to know better about the characteristics of children’s social cognitive development，but also contributes to identify the cultural development differences from dysplasia and develop-mental defects.
2014 Vol. 2 (2): 69-74 [
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1835
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75
Effects of exercise on cognition，brain function，and academic performance in children
CHANG Yukai
A number of studies have indicated that there are beneficial effects of exercise and its resulting physical fitness on cognitive and brain functions. Recent studies have extended these benefits of exercise to include academic achievement in children. The purpose of this paper is to review briefly current relevant studies investigating the effect of exercise on cognition，brain functions，and academic achievement in children. The results reveal that acute exercise may improve cognitive functions，brain neuroelectric activity，and specific academic performance in children. Regarding chronic exercise，participants in long-term exercise，high status of aerobic fitness and other physical fitness components may also gain cognitive benefits in terms of improved behavioral，neuroelectric and academic levels. Additionally，these changes are more evident in cognitive tasks related to executive control. Accordingly，based upon the positive preliminary evidence derived from examining the complex relationship between exercise and cognitive function in children，it is important and necessary to conduct further this research within this investigative framework.
2014 Vol. 2 (2): 75-81 [
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2603
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82
Nonlinear phonological analysis in assessment of protracted phonologicaldevelopment in Mandarin
ZHAO Jing;BERNHARDT May
Nonlinear phonological theories have motivated phonological assessment and intervention practices for English. Such practices focus on all aspects of the phonological system from word structure to segments（phonemes）and features，highlighting and capitalizing on a client’s strengths while addressing his or her needs. The authors and several other international researchers are currently investigating typical and protracted phonological development cross-linguistically，and creating phonological assessment tools for the various languages in the process. The current paper demonstrates a qualitative nonlinear phonological analysis for Mandarin，utilizing data from a Canadian Mandarin-learning child with protracted phonological development.
2014 Vol. 2 (2): 82-93 [
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1714
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94
Habitual activity patterns of primary school children in non-school days：a preliminary analysis
Lobo LOUIE
Objective To characterize the habitual activity pattern in primary school boys and girls during non-school days. Methods A total of 264 primary school children，including 140 boys and 124 girls，participated in this study. Each subject was asked to record the habitual activities during morning，afternoon，and evening in a non-school day. Results Watching TV，doing homework and other sedentary activities are the most predominant habitual activities. Conclusion The present data provide evidence that Hong Kong Chinese boys and girls adopt a sedentary lifestyle at an early age. Such physically inactive way of life may possibly explain the constant increase of obesity rate in Hong Kong school children. Emphasis on non-school day’s intervention program should be conducted in order to reduce the high prevalence of school children obesity in Hong Kong.
2014 Vol. 2 (2): 94-103 [
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1513
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104
Research progress of the incubation effect in creative thinking and its practical implication
HAO Ning;ZHAO Qichen
The incubation effect is one of the hot topics in the field of creativity research nowadays. In the past few decades，researchers have revealed many factors which can influence the incubation effect，such as time factor，interpolated tasks during the incubation period，type of target task，cues or misleading information related to target task and sleep. Moreover，many hypotheses have been proposed to explain the internal mechanism of the incubation effect. This paper aims to make a brief review of these studies and discuss the enlightening meaning they have on the creative problem solving and on school education.
2014 Vol. 2 (2): 104-109 [
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1678
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110
The importance of challenging play in children’s holistic development
CHUNG Pakkwong
Play is essential to children’s holistic development. It is regarded as an all-encom-passing activity that helps children develop social，intellectual，emotional skills and physical abilities. It is believed that equipment tailor-made for providing challenges and risk-taking would better facilitate the holistic development. However，childhood injuries incurred on playgrounds attract considerable attention from parents，play providers，playgrounds designers，equipment manufacturers，insurers，media，and physical educators. The play providers are frustrated about the litigation induced by accidents happening on playgrounds. Ways and related issues for achieving a balance between safety and risk-taking to the benefit of children in receiving a holistic development through challenging play would be discussed in this article.
2014 Vol. 2 (2): 110-116 [
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2396
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117
The effect of air quality on health and participation in physical activities
Frank H. FU;Tom K. TONG
The rapid pace of industrialisation and urbanization in developing and developed countries in the past century has contributed to modernization and improved living standards of their citizens. The general public is now becoming more and more concerned with air pollution and its impact on health and quality of life. The present paper provides a brief review on the definition and perception of air pollution，the prevalence of respiratory diseases among children，and the effects of air quality on participation in outdoor activities and sport competitions of the general public and children. The role of various stakeholders，namely the government and the commercial community，the teachers and coaches，the parents and athletes，and the doctors and patients，will be important in developing strategy to promote the awareness，improvement，and prevention of air pollution in the future.
2014 Vol. 2 (2): 117-123 [
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1788
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124
Research of neuropathological mechanisms and functional magnetic resonance imaging of aggressive behavior in children and adolescents
WANG Pengpeng;ZHANG Jinsong
Aggressive behavior may be divided into reactive aggressive behavior and proactive aggressive behavior. Reactive aggression represents angry response to a threat or provocative behavior，and proactive aggression is to achieve the purpose of implementing. Recently，psychopathy trait，which is characterized by proactive aggression，has attracted more and more attention，and is a good predictor of recurrence of aggressive behavior. Functional magnetic resonance imaging research of brain indicates that children and adolescents with aggressive behavior have defects in neural circuits related to emotional processing. Another studies have also pointed out that there exit abnormalities in the inhibitory control of behavior and flexible adaptation of behavior. This paper reviews the research progress of neuropathological mechanisms and functional magnetic resonance imaging of aggressive behavior.
2014 Vol. 2 (2): 124-128 [
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1703
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129
Effects of sleep deprivation on learning and memory
ZHAO Ranran;ZHONG Ting;WANG Yuqin;ZHANG Wenhua
Sleep has the functions of maintaining individual survival，restoring strength and energy and promoting learning and memory. However，with the accelerated pace of current social life，people face increasing pressure and inevitably suffer from sleep deprivation. From the perspective of sleep deprivation affecting learning and memory，this paper reviews the research progress of mechanism of effects of sleep deprivation on learning and memory in animals and humans.
2014 Vol. 2 (2): 129-131 [
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2557
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1957
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