Objective To investigate the association between the nutrition status and dietary and exercise behaviors of primary and middle school students in Hongkou District, Shanghai. Methods The physical measurement and questionnaire data of students in Hongkou District of Shanghai were collected from the National Student Common Diseases and Health Influencing Factors Surveillance Project in 2019 . The nutritional status of the students and its possible influencing factors were analyzed. Results A total of 1 884 primary and middle school students in grades 4-12 from 7 schools in Hongkou District participated in the survey. The rates of malnutrition, overweight, and obesity were 7.6%, 18.1%, and 14.8%, respectively. Univariate analysis showed that there were significant differences in nutritional status of students of different genders（P<0.001）; the rates of malnutrition, overweight, and obesity in boys（8.7%, 20.2%, and 19.8%）were higher than those in girls（6.4%, 15.9%, and 9.4%）; there was no significant difference in nutritional status between students among different grades and exercise frequency（P>0.05）; there was significant difference in nutritionalstatus of students with different frequency of sweet food intake（P<0.05）. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that boys had a relatively higher risk of malnutrition, overweight, and obesity, and those who did not eat sweets had a higher risk of overweight. Conclusion Both malnutrition and overnutrition exist in primary and middle school students in Hongkou District, especially in boys, It is suggested that male students need more attention during the intervention. It is necessary to carry out multi-environment interventions such as school, family, and community, and to promote the healthy lifestyles of children and adolescents.